No abstract

Bicycle flow data is crucial for transportation agencies to evaluate and improve cycling infrastructure. Average annual daily bicyclists (AADB) is commonly used in research and practice as a metric for cycling studies such as ridership analysis, infrastructure planning, and injury risk. AADB is estimated by averaging the daily cyclist totals measured throughout the year using a long-term automated bicycle counter, or by using long-term bicycle counting data to extrapolate data from a short-term counting site. Extrapolation of a short-term bicycle counting site requires an accurate and complete set of daily factors from a group of references: long-term bicycle counters. In practice, validation of reference data is done manually, an exercise that is time-consuming but crucial as significant error can be introduced into AADB extrapolation if reference data are not validated. This paper proposes an automated method to validate long-term bicycle count data and interpolate anomalous portions of data. As part of this work, the methods are validated using a relatively large dataset of automated bicycle counts. For validation of our approach, data anomalies are created artificially in a way that removes data (first trial), or reduces counts to 25% or 40% of the measured bicycle counts (second and third trials), for 6 hours, 12 hours, and full days. Of the more than 100 generated anomalies, the validation process flagged approximately 90% in the first and second trials and 80% in the third trial. The average absolute relative error of the interpolated daily values was approximately 10% for all three trials.

The average annual daily bicyclists (AADB) measure is commonly used in research and practice as a metric for cycling studies, such as bike ridership analysis, infrastructure planning, and injury risk. It is estimated in one of two ways: by averaging the daily cyclist totals measured throughout the year with a long-term automated bicycle counter, or by using a long-term bicycle counter to extrapolate data from a short-term counting site. Unfortunately, extrapolation of a short-term bicycle counting site can produce inaccurate AADB estimates as a result of different error sources; the range of possible error is highly correlated to several characteristics of the short-term count, such as the counting period, flow intensity, and time of year. This paper proposes a simple method to estimate the quality of a short-term count through a single metric combining five factors associated with the count variation: duration, average demand, time of year, stability, and correlation with the reference count. The method is validated with the use of a relatively large data set of automated bicycle counts. The quality measure, with a range from 0 to 10, is negatively correlated with the absolute relative error (ARE) of the AADB estimation. Results show distinct ARE distributions for different quality measure classes. The average ARE for the lowest quality class is 13.5% compared with an average ARE of 3.0% for the highest quality class. The maximum ARE (95% confidence) is 35% for the lowest quality class compared with 7.5% for the highest quality class.

No abstract

Broadband sources (BBSs) are commonly used in a wide range of applications in optical communication systems and biophotonics. They are particularly useful tools for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), which is a biomedical imaging technique that uses low-coherence light sources. In order to obtain high image quality, we have developed a novel, spectrally-flat S+C+L band source with > 120 nm bandwidth and more than 4 mW output power based on two cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA) mixed with an Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) amplifier. Bandwidth and output power improvements are achieved by modifying the former configuration and mixing the EDF with the first SOA before amplification in the second SOA. This configuration results in bandwidth and output power enhancements of up to 146 nm and 8 mW, respectively. The source was then tested in an OCT system. It gives a 10 µm FWHM, low sidelobe OCT autocorrelation trace. Images and OCT autocorrelation traces were compared for the two aforementioned (which two; you mentioned one?) configurations. Images of miscellaneous samples made with the BBS show an image aspect and sharpness that is comparable with more expensive sources such as Ti:Sapphire lasers.