The drought stress tolerance of two Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena landraces, one hybrid (adg×tbr) and Atlantic (S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum) has been evaluated. Photosynthesis in the Andigena landraces during prolonged drought was maintained significantly longer than in the Tuberosum (Atlantic) line. Among the Andigena landraces, ‘Sullu’ (SUL) was more drought resistant than ‘Negra Ojosa’ (NOJ). Microarray analysis and metabolite data from leaf samples taken at the point of maximum stress suggested higher mitochondrial metabolic activity in SUL than in NOJ. A greater induction of chloroplast-localized antioxidant and chaperone genes in SUL compared with NOJ was evident. ABA-responsive TFs were more induced in NOJ compared with SUL, including WRKY1, mediating a response in SA signalling that may give rise to increased ROS. NOJ may be experiencing higher ROS levels than SUL. Metabolite profiles of NOJ were characterized by compounds indicative of stress, for example, proline, trehalose, and GABA, which accumulated to a higher degree than in SUL. The differences between the Andigena lines were not explained by protective roles of compatible solutes; hexoses and complex sugars were similar in both landraces. Instead, lower levels of ROS accumulation, greater mitochondrial activity and active chloroplast defences contributed to a lower stress load in SUL than in NOJ during drought.
and Goodman, 1988; Castillo-Gonzalez and Goodman, 1989). Added genetic diversity among commercial maize (Zea mays L.)One approach to use tropical germplasm in temperate hybrids may further increase yields and safeguard against vulnerabilareas is to form populations or pools with tropical, exity. Introducing exotic germplasm into breeding programs would inotic, and/or temperate germplasm; these populations crease the genetic base from which elite commercial inbreds are decan then be used as a germplasm source for temperate rived. Ten populations of maize, created from Chinese and/or U.S. inbreds or strains, were evaluated by Griffing's diallel analysis for breeding programs. The heterozygous and heterogecombining ability of grain yield, stalk lodging, ear height, flowering neous nature of these populations hinder comparisons time, and European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis Hü bner) with currently used hybrids, making it difficult to predict resistance to estimate their potential as sources of exotic germplasm precisely their value as source germplasm. However, for U.S. breeding programs. Grain yield general combining ability was populations with potential utility in temperate breeding largest for the population Mo17 Syn.(H14)C5, a synthetic improved by programs can be selected with some certainty on the half-sib selection using US13 as a tester. Grain yield specific combining basis of combining ability (Beck et al., 1991; Vasal et ability was largest in the cross Chinese Mix 2 ϫ Mo17 Syn.(H14)C5. al., 1993). Chinese Mix 2 ϫ Mo17 Syn.(H14)C5 had more stalk lodging than Maize first arrived in China about 400 to 500 yr ago the B73 ϫ Mo17 and Pioneer Brand 3394 checks. Because of the high (Yu and Zhu, 1996). Since then, selection pressures arisyield potential and other moderate-to-good agronomic traits of the ing from regional preferences, topography, and climate cross combination, Chinese Mix 2 was selected as the best population have influenced the genetic makeup of maize in China.for selection. Its large specific combining ability effect with Lancaster type material, which is commonly known in breeding programs, shows
Genetic resistance of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Phialophora gregata (Allington and Chamberlain) W. Gains, the cause of brown stem rot (BSR), can reduce yield losses in northern USA and Canadian production regions. Although two major dominant genes have been identified, additional sources of resistance may provide higher levels of resistance and/or more stable resistance over environments. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the pattern of inheritance of the BSR resistance found in PI 437970 and (ii) study allelic relationships of resistance genes in PI 437970 with Rbs 1, and Rbs 2. Evaluations were conducted using a root dip inoculation method in the field and greenhouse. The F2 and F3 plants were classified as resistant or susceptible based on mean parental reactions. Segregating generations of the cross PI 437970 ✕ ‘Pioneer Variety P9271’ revealed a single dominant gene conditioning BSR resistance. Crosses of PI 437970 with L78‐4094 ( Rbs 1 and PI 437833 ( Rbs 2) each demonstrated duplicate dominant epistasis indicating a third distinct gene designated Rbs3.
SummaryThe Arabidopsis thaliana lysyl tRNA synthetase (AtKRS) structurally and functionally resembles the wellcharacterized prokaryotic class IIb KRS, including the propensity to aminoacylate tRNA Lys with suboptimal identity elements, as well as non-cognate tRNAs. Transient expression of AtKRS in carrot cells promotes aminoacylation of such tRNAs in vivo and translational recoding of lysine at nonsense codons. Stable expression of AtKRS in Zea mays causes translational recoding of lysine into zeins, significantly enriching the lysine content of grain.
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