Despite the ubiquity of executive coaching interventions in business organizations, there is little uniformity in the practices (e.g., assessment tools, scientific or philosophical approaches, activities, goals, and outcome evaluation methods) of executive coaches. Addressing the ongoing debate about the role of psychology in executive coaching, we compare the practices of psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches, as well as the practices of coaches from various psychological disciplines (e.g., counseling, clinical, and industrial/organizational). Results of surveys completed by 428 coaches (256 nonpsychologists, 172 psychologists) revealed as many differences between psychologists of differing disciplines as were found between psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches. Moreover, differences between psychologists and nonpsychologists were generally small (average d= .26). Our survey also revealed some differences in the key competencies identified by psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches.

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represents a new way for rehabilitation psychologists and other health care providers to classify health and functioning. The ICF classifies functioning and disability through the constructs of Body Functions and Structures and Activities and Participation and addresses contextual influences through Environmental and Personal Factors. The ICF and its companion classification, the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, provide a complementary, broad, and meaningful picture of the health of an individual or of entire populations. Research and clinical implementation efforts suggest that the ICF is a useful and meaningful public health tool. The development of the ICF and its universe and scope of application are reviewed. Critical concepts are defined, the structure of the ICF is illustrated, and clinical-research utility are featured in light of the ethical considerations for responsible use by rehabilitation psychologists.I was a U.S. participant, among participants from 65 countries, in the revision process for the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps, now the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). I also participated in the alpha drafting team for the American Psychological Association-World Health Organization Procedural Manual and Guide for a Standardized Application of the ICF: A Manual for Health Professionals. Further information on the ICF can be found on the Internet at www.who.int/classification/icf.Thanks to Robert Glueckauf for guidance on the organization of this article.

This article outlines the five research-based strategies that guide one-on-one coaching at Personnel Decisions International (PDI): forge a partnership, inspire commitment, grow skills, promote persistence, and shape the environment. A case study of a typical Targeted Coaching participant is described and contrasted with other coaching services provided by PDI.In 1981, Personnel Decisions International (PDI) became the first management consulting firm to offer a coaching program that was both structured and personally tailored to accelerate individual change and development (Hellervik, Hazucha, & Schneider, 1992). Since that time, PDI consultants have coached over 2,500 managers, executives, and professionals around the world Two empirical studies have shown that PDI's coaching produces significant, observable changes that are sustained at least 2 years after coaching is completed (Peterson 1993a(Peterson , 1993b Thompson, 1986).Coaching at PDI involves a team of people, including the participant, his or her organizational sponsor (typically his or her boss or a human resources representative), and a PDI coach. We encourage individuals and their organizations to share responsibility for development (Peterson & Hicks, 1995, 1996. This partnership requires individuals to take responsibility for investing time and effort to develop and apply relevant skills and organizations to take responsibility for setting clear performance expectations and providing the appropriate resources, support, and incentives to help individuals succeed. Coaching StrategiesWe define coaching as "the process of equipping people with the tools, knowledge, and opportunities they need to develop themselves and become more effective" (Peterson & Hicks, 1996, p. 14). The following five coaching strategies have emerged from research and applied experience: forge a partnership, inspire commitment, grow skills, promote persistence, and shape the environment (Hellervik et al., 1992; Peterson, 1993b; Peterson & Hicks, 1993, 1996). When brought together in a well-designed coaching intervention, these five strategies help ensure that coaches gain commitment, avoid resistance, and diagnose and resolve coaching challenges as they David B. Peterson is Vice President at Personnel Decisions International (PDI). He is currently head of Individual Coaching Services and has coached hundreds of individuals and teams across a wide range of organizations. My ongoing dialogue with Mary Dee Hicks

This article reviews the literature from the 3 years since the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health's (ICF's) endorsement, focusing on those articles that discuss (a) what the ICF means and how it can be used; (b) the general utility of the ICF for specific fields, such as nursing, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and audiology; (c) examples of applications for classification in particular disorders, such as chronic health conditions, neuromusculoskeletal conditions, cognitive disorders, mental disorders, sensory disorders, and primary and secondary conditions in children; (d) uses of the ICF to recode prior work across multiple surveys and across country coding schemes on disability-related national survey items; and (e) governmental uses of the ICF in the United States and selected countries abroad. Future directions needed to effectively implement the ICF across rehabilitation policy, research, and practice are discussed.This article reviews the literature in psychology and health and human services, and rehabilitation more generally, from the 3 years since the endorsement of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). For this review, we narrowed our searches to articles focused on clinical research or specific implementations of the Bruyère , VanLooy, & Peterson The ICF: Contemporary Literature Overview ICF. Most available articles on the ICF discuss its utility for specific groups or particular research areas. The overview of current literature presented here is not exhaustive but rather illustrative of current applications of the ICF to research and practice.Our review suggests that the actual application of the ICF is as yet somewhat limited because the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsement is so recent; the earliest references using the ICF correspond with the WHO's 2001 endorsement. Standardized application of the ICF in North America has yet to be realized in anticipation of the release of the clinical implementation manual (see Reed et al., 2005); thus, it is not surprising to find limited research on clinical implementation of the ICF. From our review of the literature and of unpublished reports, it seems clear that the ICF is being used in a preliminary fashion to inform conceptual frameworks in research and for recoding data from other health classifications. Recently completed and ongoing research has undoubtedly not yet been published.In this review, we cluster articles by the following areas: (a) what the ICF means and how it can be used; (b) general utility of the ICF for specific fields, such as nursing, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and audiology; (c) examples of applications for classification in particular disorders, such as chronic health conditions, neuromusculoskeletal conditions, cognitive disorders, mental disorders, sensory disorders, and primary and secondary conditions in children; (d) uses of the ICF to recode prior work across multiple surveys and across country coding...