The anatomy of the sacral hiatus and caudal canal is prone to significant variation, yet studies assessing this in the pediatric population remain limited. Awareness of the possible anatomical variations is critical to the safety and success of caudal epidural blocks, particularly when image guidance is not employed. This systematic review analyzes the available evidence on the clinical anatomy of the caudal canal in pediatric patients, emphasizing surface anatomy and internal anatomical variations. A literature search using three electronic databases and standard pediatric and anatomy reference texts was conducted yielding 24 primary and seven secondary English-language sources. Appreciating that our current landmark-guided approaches to the caudal canal are not well studied in the pediatric population is important for both clinicians and researchers.
in memory of whom this lectureship was established by his widow, was a Member of this College engaged in general practice. It seems appropriate', therefore, that the Bradshaw lecturer should select a subject in wlli9h general practitioners are specially interested, and should endeavour to elucidate questions of diagnosis and of treatment in such a manner as shall be helpful to them in their daily work. No subject is more im'portant to the general practitioner than the' diagnosis and treatment of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis; no moibid condition mlore frequently claims his attention; in n'one is a correct diagnosis and a suitable'treatment more necessaiy for the'welfare of the patient and for the reputation of the pradtitioner.... At this time, when a national effort is being organized, and when large contributions from the national resources are to be furnished in support of this'effort, it is highly desirable that the most effective measures and, as far as possible, the least costly should be adopted, so that the
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.