15We present distribution maps for all cryptotephras (distal volcanic ash layers) younger than 7 ka that 16 have been reported from three or more lakes or peatlands in north-west Europe. All but one of the 17 tephras originates from Iceland; the exception has been attributed to Jan Mayen. We find strong 18 spatial patterning in tephra occurrence at the landscape scale; most, but not all of the tephra 19 occurrences are significantly spatially clustered, which likely reflects atmospheric and weather 20 patterns at the time of the eruptions. Contrary to expectations based on atmospheric modelling studies, 21 tephras appear to be at least as abundant in Ireland and northern Scotland as in Scandinavia. Rhyolitic 22 and other felsic tephras occur in lakes and peatlands throughout the study region, but andesitic and 23 basaltic tephras are largely restricted to lake sites in the Faroe Islands and Ireland. Explanations of 24 some of these patterns will require further research on the effects of different methodologies for 25 locating and characterizing cryptotephras. These new maps will help to guide future investigations in 26 tephrochronology and volcanic hazard analysis. 27
This paper considers the integration of Muslims in British society from the perspective of the American media. It engages in a longitudinal assessment of print media coverage over 12 years, including a qualitative assessment of normative biases found within the American press. The paper explores the discursive elements in New York Times articles focused on Muslim integration in British society. It is apparent that U.S. media screen British multicultural policies through a hegemonic ideology of integration in which assimilation is deemed superior to multiculturalism. Cases, which are drawn from 3 periods (1997–2001, 2001–2005, and 2005–2009), will demonstrate an evolution of American media coverage in the face of changing international and domestic perceptions of Islam and the integration of Muslims.
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