A new continuous process for conversion of copper mattes to blister copper has been successfully pilot-tested and is now ready for commercial application. The process, known as Kennecott-Outokumpu Flash Converting, involves reaction of solidified matte particles with industrial grade oxygen, in a flash furnace, to produce blister copper and a small quantity of slag which can be recycled to the primary smelting furnace. Production of low-volume high 802 content offgases, separation of smelting and converting operations to allow increased on-line availability, and simplified process control are the major benefits of the process which translate to reduced smelter capital and operating costs.
Butyl-lithium with 1,l-diphenylethylene in benzene gives the ion pair BuCH,CPh,-Li+, which has an absorption peak a t 428 mp (E 1-6 x 104).The order of this reaction is unity in 1,l-diphenylethylene, and 0.18 in butyllithium. Since it is known that butyl-lithium is highly associated (some six-fold) in benzene, we interpret the low order in this reagent by assuming (i) that equilibrium in this association lies well towards the associated side, and (ii) that only monomeric butyl-lithium reacts with 1,l-diphenylethylene.Butyl-lithium does not react with 1,1,3,3-tetraphenylbut-l-ene or with tetraphenylethylene, although both these olefins give carbonium ions with dilute acids. We assume that steric hindrance here inhibits formation of an anion by addition of a butyl group. THE action of cationic catalysts on 1,l-diphenylethylene was studied earlier; 1 we have extended this work to anionic catalysts. Following a preliminary communication 2 this paper gives a detailed account of the spectrophotometric part of this work.
EXPERIMENTALApparatus.-The apparatus used was of all-glass construction, without taps. Contamination with tap grease or air was impossible. The glass was cleaned by soaking it for a few minutes in concentrated nitric acid, followed by a rinse with water and a soaking for some minutes in 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide; it was then washed in a stream of water for a t least an hour, and after a final rinse with distilled water was dried in an oven at 120". Each piece of apparatus was baked under a high vacuum for a t least 3 hr. before contact with any of the reagents.
A portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to collect elemental data on various mortars and hydraulic cements at an excavation site near Orvieto, Italy. Four cases are presented that use X-ray fluorescence data to differentiate among mortars: (1) comparison of two mortars on one locus; (2) comparison of two layers of hydraulic cement on one locus; (3) comparison of two hydraulic cement floors; (4) comparison among mortars on five walls from four trenches. The conclusions made from the comparisons aided the site archaeologists in their assessment of the relationships of various loci at the site and establishment of phasing. Elements found in measureable amounts in the mortars and hydraulic cements were Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Pb, and Bi. Elements found to be different in the samples and used to differentiate among mortars were Ca, Fe, Zn, Pb, Zr, and Rb. Graphical and statistical data evaluations are presented.
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