Eveningness has been found to negatively affect adolescents' sleep and daytime functioning. Furthermore, eveningness is associated with greater impulsivity than morningness. Externalizing behavior could be chronotype-related, implying that the alteration of the circadian rhythm itself is connected to aspects of emotion and emotion regulation. The present study investigated chronotype-related differences in emotional and behavioral problems, especially aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. We conducted a comprehensive search via web of knowledge (MEDLINE, web of science), EBSCO, Ovid, PubMed, Google Scholar and PsycINDEX using the keywords: chronotype, chronobiology, morningness, eveningness, owls and larks as well as diurnal preference to fully capture every aspect of chronotype. For aggression we used the search terms: aggression, anger, hostility, violence, anti-social behavior, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, delinquency, social adjustment and externalizing behavior. N = 13 studies were included concerning chronotype, childhood, adolescence and antisocial behavior. Results showed that children and adolescents being E-types were more affected by daytime impairments. Additionally, behavioral and emotional problems as aggression or antisocial behavior were more pronounced in E- than in M-types. Our findings support an association of eveningness and the impact of aggression on children and adolescents. Longitudinal investigations should be conducted in order to insure causality of the effects in question. In addition, the elevated vulnerability toward aggression in evening types demonstrates the need for prevention and intervention programs that educate youths in proper sleep hygiene and evoke an awareness of the consequences of a habitually diminished sleep quality.

Background Literature, individual experiences and common considerations suggest that prior professional qualification can be an advantage for later career development. For instance, in Germany, professional pre-qualification has been honored by medical faculties in selection procedures for several years. However, a systematic evaluation of this relationship lacks. This scoping review summarizes existing literature and addresses the role of prior professional pre-qualifications on objective or subjective study success and the choice of a specialization. Methods The scoping review was performed oriented on the PRISMA guidelines. PsycINFO and PubMed databases were searched for relevant studies that included data of medical students with and without professional pre-qualifications. To answer the underlying research questions, this scoping review also includes studies that examine professional pre-qualifications in association with non-cognitive "soft" criteria. Results and further directions 1055 items were identified and reviewed by two independent reviewers with final 11 studies were included for this scoping review. The results of identified studies that report possible effects of prior pre-professional qualifications are inconclusive but suggest that prior professional qualifications tend not to have rather an advantage on study success. Medical school success for students with prior professional qualifications tended to be below average in the preclinical setting, and there were no differences in the clinical setting compared with students without prior professional qualifications. The influence of professional pre-qualifications has not yet been adequately studied without the moderator variable “waiting time” and “A-levels grade”. The scoping review indicates insufficient number of articles stating a co-relation of prior pre-qualifications and subjective data. Again, the results found are not sufficient to state a clear relationship between professional pre-qualifications and the choice of a specific speciality preference. However, professional pre-qualifications, both in medicine and as "practical experience in rural areas", tend to be beneficial for the choice of becoming a rural physician. Large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the influence of professional pre-qualifications on different study trajectory parameters.

Subjektive Theorien von Religionslehrkräften spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der religionspäda­gogischen Theoriebildung. Zugleich stellen empirische Erhebungen subjektiver Theorien zur religiösen Vielfalt ein Desiderat der religionspädagogischen Forschung dar. Der Beitrag adressiert dieses Desiderat, indem er im Rahmen einer explorativen Interviewstudie Vorstellungen religiöser Vielfalt von Religionslehrkräften untersucht. Die in­haltsanalytische Untersuchung ergibt zwei Heuristiken, gemäß denen religiöse Vielfalt von Lehrkräften konstruiert wird. Einerseits greifen sie auf die nominalen Kategorien des Religionsdiskurses zurück, andererseits lässt sich ein vierdimensionales Modell entdecken, das religiöse Differenz entlang einer positionellen, einer stilistischen, einer kontextuellen und einer biografischen Dimension erfasst. Dieser Befund wird abschließend diskutiert

ZusammenfassungIn religionspädagogischen Theorien zum Religionsunterricht spielt religiöse Vielfalt eine zentrale Rolle. Empirische Studien zur Rolle und Bedeutung dieser Vielfalt im vorfindlichen Religionsunterricht stellen aber nach wie vor ein Desiderat religionsdidaktischer Forschung dar. Dieser Beitrag adressiert dieses Desiderat, indem er im Rahmen einer explorativen Videostudie untersucht, wie religiöse Vielfalt im katholischen Religionsunterricht thematisiert wird. Dazu greift er auf ein vierdimensionales Modell zurück, das religiöse Differenz entlang einer positionellen, einer stilistischen, einer kontextuellen und einer biographischen Dimension erfasst. Der Befund zeigt, dass vorfindlicher Unterricht religiöse Vielfalt vor allem unter positionellen Aspekten verhandelt, wobei stilistische Aspekte eine Nebenrolle spielen. Dieser Befund wird abschließend diskutiert.