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Agricultural water in the right quantity and desired quality is needed to drive agrarian revolution in Nigeria. Groundwater, among the forms of water in nature is strategic for Nigeria has it is easy to exploit, readily available not affected by seasonality and the largest natural storage of available freshwater on the planet. The study was aimed at evaluating and mapping irrigation water quality of groundwater system within Ilorin metropolis. Forty-four well samples were collected in triplicates over the dry and wet seasons with their locations georeferenced. The water samples were sent to the laboratory and the results were incorporated into a GIS database in the development of a water map. Six indices, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), were used to evaluate suitability for irrigation. The geo-spatial representation is displayed using Surfer 9 and ARC Map software. The sampling points were concentrated in the southern portion of the study area, with dense settlements and expected anthropogenic activities. The western portion of the study area within the vicinity of Moro river basin reflected general good irrigation water quality and low settlement is prime for irrigated agriculture. The geospatial representations of irrigation water quality developed guides decision makers on the use of various ground water sources within the area. In the same light, it demonstrates high efficiency of GIS in elucidating complex geospatial data through the development of quality maps.

Within the hard rock terrains, stream channels are suspected to be controlled by fractures and joints. In the same light, the topographic lineaments and the lineaments observed from the aeromagnetic anomalies are expected to reflect the structural trends within the complex. This study has therefore adopted multi-data sets results first on a regional scale to depict the structural fabric of Ilorin Sheet 223 and then at the chosen location of the University of Ilorin Main Campus, which is made up of the Basement Complex rocks. From the remote sensing map of Ilorin Sheet 223 structural trends have been divided into two: the NE-SW and the NW-SE structural trends. The aeromagnetic anomalies divide the rocks types into metamorphic (low-to-medium magnetic intensity) and igneous (high magnetic intensity) rocks. The resistivity data interpretation reveals the weathered basement at the University of Ilorin ranges from 5m to 20m. The radial sounding results reveal the structural trend to be NW-SE and NE-SW with the interconnection of joints. The radial sounding shows the rock type in the University of Ilorin Campus to be quartzitic, clayey and igneous as judged from the near hexagonal and elongated shapes of the polygons. The results reveal a good agreement between the trends of fractures derived from the radial vertical electrical sounding and that from the lineament maps. Areas with low bedrock resistivity, thick overburden, presence of two or more interconnected fractures, and high co-efficient of anisotropy indicate intense fracturing and thus, indicate areas of high groundwater potentiality and good water quality.

Data from historical observatories and future simulations were analyzed using the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, which covered the period from 1951 to 2100. In order to characterize the drought, three widely used drought indicators were used: the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the reconnaissance drought index (RDI), and the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The ensemble of the seven (7) GCMs that used RCA-4 was able to capture several useful characteristics of Nigeria’s historical climatology. Future climates were forecasted to be wetter than previous periods during the study period based on the output of drought characteristics as determined by SPI. SPEI and RDI predicted drier weather, in contrast. SPEI and RDI’s predictions must have been based on the effect of rising temperatures brought on by global warming as depicted by RCP 8.5, which would then have an impact on the rate of evapotranspiration. According to drought studies using the RCP 8.5 scenario, rising temperatures will probably cause more severe/extreme droughts to occur more frequently. SPEI drought frequency changes in Nigeria often range from 0.75 (2031–2060) to 1.80 (2071–2100) month/year, whereas RDI changes typically range from 0.30 (2031–2060) to 0.60 (2071–2100) month/year. The frequency of drought incidence has recently increased and is now harder to forecast. Since the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have few more years left to be completed, drastic efforts must be made to create climate-resilient systems that can tackle the effects that climate change may have on the water resources and agricultural sectors.

Empirical observations and theory both discourage the production and use of chemical fertilizers as they can lead to environmental pollution, soil degradation and reduction in soil fertility in the long term. In certain cases, excess nutrients from chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen and phosphorus can leach into nearby water causing eutrophication. Also, the production process requires large amounts of energy, which often comes from burning fossil fuels contributing significantly to greenhouse gas concentration. Biofertilizers present a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers and improve agricultural sustainability and reduce environmental pollution. However, there is still more to learn about the potential benefits of biofertilizers based on factors such as soil type, crop species, and environmental conditions. This review shows the Trichoderma species as one of the most prominent biofertilizers that can help in plant growth promotion and serve as a biocontrol agent against plant pathogens. An extensive summary of scientific literature on Trichoderma’s production, effectiveness in comparison to chemical fertilizers and its potential for use are discussed. Trichoderma species have been documented to possess numerous mechanisms to combat a wide range of plant pathogens, protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses, reduce drought and salinity stress fungal attacks and promote root growth. Trichoderma is an ecofriendly organic fertilizer that can promote food security and enhance sustainable crop production. This article provides a comprehensive and up-to-date summary of the current state of knowledge on Trichoderma as a biofertilizer and indicates future research directions.

Climate change is a global phenomenon with multifarious unique regional consequences. Contemporary studies have established Climate change as a product of anthropogenic activities. Studies have linked extreme weather events, heat waves, increase pollution, crop failure as some of the many discernable effects of climate change. Hence, the spatial temporal effects of Climate change are of concern to policy makers, researchers, innovators and the entire public to develop veritable mitigation strategies. This paper examines climate change in Nigeria as a case study; the research adopted desk research method to collect secondary data from literature about hazards caused by climate change and potential adaptation strategies in Nigeria. The findings revealed that a potential environmental hazard caused by climate change in Nigeria includes that of biological, chemical, physical, mechanical and psycho-social. Moreover, this review further showed adaptation technologies that can be used in adapting and mitigating climate change in Nigeria.