This meta-analytic revipW examines the effect that exposure to pornography produces on aggressive behavior under lnboratoy conditions considering a variety ofpossible moderating conditions (level ofsexual arousal, level of prior anger, type of pornography, gender of subject, gender of the target of aggression, and medium used to convey the material). The summa y demonstrates a homogeneous set of results showing that pictorial nudity reduces subsequent aggressive behavior, that consumption of material depicting nonviolent sexual activity increases aggressive behavior, and that mediadepictions of violent sexual activitygenerates more aggression than those of nonviolent sexual activity. No other moderator vnriable produced homogeneous findings. The implications of the results for theoretical approaches to understanding the impact ofpornography receives discussion, as do the limitations of suchfindings.he controversy over the impact of pornography revolves around one central issue: whether exposure to pornography T increases the subsequent probability of a person engaging in aggressive or violent sexual assaults. The underlying controversy over this media content considers the extent to which exposure to sexual content promotes attitudes, practices, and behavior considered antisocial. The harm takes place not because of mere exposure to the material; it is the actualization of the content into action that poses the threat.The current research on the behavioral impact of pornography does not use sexually aggressive behavior as a dependent measure. Such research would hardly survive the ethical scrutiny of a human subjects review Mike Allen is an associate professor of communication at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee. Daw D'Alessio is an assistant professor of communication at Richard Stockton College. Keri Brezgel is a graduate of the master's program at the University of WisconsinMilwaukee. Portions of this article and analysis are derived hom Keri Brezgel's master's thesis, completed under the direction of Mike Allen.
A meta-analysis considered 59 quantitative studies containing data concerned with partisan media bias in presidential election campaigns since 1948. Types of bias considered were gatekeeping bias, which is the preference for selecting stories from one party or the other; coverage bias, which considers the relative amounts of coverage each party receives; and statement bias, which focuses on the favorability of coverage toward one party or the other. On the whole, no significant biases were found for the newspaper industry. Biases in newsmagazines were virtually zero as well. However, meta-analysis of studies of television network news showed small, measurable, but probably insubstantial coverage and statement biases.
A meta-analysis considered 59 quantitative studies containing data concerned with partisan media bias in presidential election campaigns since 1948. Types of bias considered were gatekeeping bias, which is the preference for selecting stories from one party or the other; coverage bias, which considers the relative amounts of coverage each party receives; and statement bias, which focuses on the favorability of coverage toward one party or the other. On the whole, no significant biases were found for the newspaper industry. Biases in newsmagazines were virtually zero as well. However, meta-analysis of studies of television network news showed small, measurable, but probably insubstantial coverage and statement biases.
Perceptions of media bias were explored by manipulating expectations of bias and news topic. Readers were more likely to designate material opposing their own viewpoints as biased. Perception of bias was topic-dependent and statements most often viewed as biased were quotations, rather than other types of statements.
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