Structural and magmatic features of northern Sumatra are reviewed, based on a continuing programme of reconnaissance mapping. Distinction is drawn between Tertiary sedimentation on the W and that in the centre and E, the dividing line being the main outcrop of the Sumatran Fault System (SFS) which traverses the length of the island. Large transcurrent movements on the SFS are indicated by (
a
) regional slivers of oceanic crust trapped at the leading junction of the western continental plate of Sumatra as it moved NW against the main mass of the island; (
b
) palaeomagnetic evidence (N. S. Haile) here interpreted as showing eastern Sumatra as part of the Malaya block and occupying its equatorial position since the Cretaceous in contrast to the NW tip of Sumatra, W of the SFS, for which more southerly palaeolatitudes have been determined; (
c
) juxtaposition of Li-rich and Li-poor geochemical provinces along the SFS.
The Sumatran magmatic arc commenced at least in the Mesozoic. The offset of the current volcanic arc to the E at Lake Toba is ascribed to a change in the angle of the Benioff Zone, the dividing line suggested being a split in the descending plate which is coincident with prolongation of the Investigator transform fault. The SFS continues N of Sumatra as a transform of the Andaman spreading complex, and terminates in the S in the Sunda Strait area either at the edge of the continental block or against a major plate junction indicated by the commencement of deep focus earthquakes E of Sumatra.
In this article, we introduce the online version of the board game Diplomacy as a pedagogical tool to teach about the strengths and limitations of constructivism, liberalism, and realism. Beyond helping students learn about the three paradigms, the game has two additional benefits over traditional role-playing simulations. First, the online nature of the game allows it to take place outside of class, freeing up more class time, and creating fewer opportunity costs for instructors who want to use simulations. Second, Diplomacy allows for a more straightforward method of assessment because it has clear rules that apply equally to all students. Plus, the online version provides a platform that gives instructors better insight into student participation. Using data, we show that students enjoyed the game, saw it as educational, and liked the fact that they played it outside of class. We conclude that online Diplomacy and outside-of-class simulations can be used as helpful tools to teach about international relations.International Studies Perspectives (2014) 15, 423-437.
The development of an attributed 3D model of the Quaternary deposits across 75 km that modelling of this type should be used by site developers and remediators to design more targeted and cost-effective site investigations and risk assessments.
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