The role of signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) during viral infection has gained much recent attention. Our laboratory reported on an important regulatory role for extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), subfamily members of the MAPKs, during coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection. However, the role of the PI3K pathway in CVB3 infection has not been well characterized. CVB3 is the most common known viral infectant of heart muscle that directly injures and kills infected cardiac myocytes during the myocarditic process. In the present study, we investi-

Factors associated with apoptosis were detected in GCF in patients with CP.

Despite all the advancements in dental prevention over the past decades, the problem of early childhood caries (ECC) still exists. Evidence suggests that whereas the prevalence of caries among older children, youth, and adults has declined, the prevalence of ECC in the preschool population has increased. [1][2][3] For many children with ECC, dental surgery under general anaesthesia is the only treatment option. 4 In-hospital day surgery to treat ECC is the most common day surgical procedure in Canada. 5 A 2013 report from the Canadian Institute of Health Information revealed that the