What are the neural mechanisms underlying beauty based on objective parameters and beauty based on subjective social construction? This study scanned participants with fMRI while they performed aesthetic judgments on concrete pictographs and abstract oracle bone scripts. Behavioral results showed both pictographs and oracle bone scripts were judged to be more beautiful when they referred to beautiful objects and positive social meanings, respectively. Imaging results revealed regions associated with perceptual, cognitive, emotional and reward processing were commonly activated both in beautiful judgments of pictographs and oracle bone scripts. Moreover, stronger activations of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and motor-related areas were found in beautiful judgments of pictographs, whereas beautiful judgments of oracle bone scripts were associated with putamen activity, implying stronger aesthetic experience and embodied approaching for beauty were elicited by the pictographs. In contrast, only visual processing areas were activated in the judgments of ugly pictographs and negative oracle bone scripts. Results provide evidence that the sense of beauty is triggered by two processes: one based on the objective parameters of stimuli (embodied natural beauty) and the other based on the subjective social construction (social endowed beauty).

The Zn x Ga 2 O 3+x (x ¼ 1, 0.95, 0.9, 0.85, 0.8) phosphors were synthesised successfully via high temperature solid-state reaction. The photoluminescent, persistent luminescent and photocatalytic properties of the phosphors had been studied systematically. The results indicated that their excitation and emission spectra were similar to those of ZnGa 2 O 4 phosphors and all of them have excellent persistent luminescent and photocatalytic properties. The optical properties were changed with the ratio of the Zn 2+ /Ga 3+ and the Zn 0.85 Ga 2 O 3.85 phosphor showed the best persistent luminescent and photocatalytic properties. The Zn 0.85 Ga 2 O 3.85 phosphor can be effectively activated by an ultraviolet lamp and ultraviolet excitation can lead to 10 min of persistent green emission. Moreover, the Zn 0.85 Ga 2 O 3.85 could provide more defect energy levels which can act as photogenerated electron traps and maintain the electron-hole pairs for a longer period, enhancing the persistent luminescent and photocatalytic performance.Fig. 5 (a) The UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra; (b) optical band gap E g of all samples.This journal is

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