It is estimated that the worldwide prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by 2030 will be 522 million people, which generates a negative impact on the well‐being of the individual and population health. Within the fundamental pillars of the treatment are the changes in the lifestyle that includes physical exercise. Organizations such as the ADA (American Diabetes Association) and the ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) suggest strength training 2 to 3 times per week, using weights, bands or machines at moderate to vigorous intensity and aerobic training 3 to 7 days, minimum 150 minutes a week with the same intensity. However, these recommendations are widespread and do not take into account the progression of the load. This work summarizes the progression of training that diabetic patients should have in order to optimize the results. It is suggested to combine the work of strength with resistance, which is related to better body composition. Training intensity should be progressively increased whenever possible, which is related to increased muscle sensitivity to insulin. The training volume should be progressively increased as well, which allows for a higher concentration of GLUT4 transporters, improving intracellular insulin signaling, and generating a reduction in plasma and intramyocellular free fatty acids that lead to better insulin sensitivity. Based on the preceding, the physiological proposal of progression includes: Performing resistance work during the first weeks of training and subsequently including endurance training until a concurrent type of training is achieved. Also, there should be an increase the training volume (total weight lifted and total covered distance ), and then increased the intensity, High‐Intensity Interval training can only be done until several weeks of adaptation are completed. Finally, the training frequency should also be increased progressively until ideally reaching seven days a week. Given the rapid physiological adaptation, the loads must be undulated, alternating the training variables, intensity, volume, time, and type of exercise, until reaching the objective. Therefore, based on the evidence, we propose in this article a dynamic training model for diabetic patients that could be implemented by physicians and corresponding health personnel. Dynamic training model for diabetic patients
The recording of heart rate variability (HRV) is a strategy for the rapid and non‐invasive evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) activity. Previous studies have shown a rapid activation of the parasympathetic nervous system at the end of a physical effort and the association of this with the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease.PURPOSEEstablish the relationship between recovery heart rate (RHR) after exercise and HRV at rest in apparently healthy men and women.METHODSQuantitative, cross‐sectional, exploratory research conducted in 50 subjects (25 men and 25 women) of 19 ± 2.34 years. Subjects were monitored by continuous electrocardiographic reading all throughout the different activities. The HRV was evaluated at rest for 5 minutes, using time, frequency and non‐linear analyzes, cardiac vagal index (CVI) was calculated using Log10 (SD1*SD2). Subsequently, a physical test of 6 minutes on the bike was performed between 50 and 60% of the maximum reserve heart rate. In the end, the RHR was evaluated every 10 seconds during the first minute. Subsequently, the relationship between HRV and RHR was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r).RESULTSIn all population, mean HR at rest and RHR had an inverse effect, finding the following correlations: 10s (r = −0.35 p = 0.01), 20s (r = −0.37 p = 0.007), 40s (r = −0.40 p = 0.004) and 60s (r = −0.53 p = 0.000). Additionally, in women exist a direct correlation between RHR and CVI been more significant in the following correlations: 40s (r = 0.41 p= 0.044), 50s (r = 0.52 p= 0.008) and 60s (r = 0.59 p = 0.002); however, in men this correlation was not significant.CONCLUSIONSWhen performing stress tests in apparently healthy people, the decrease of the HR after exercise could be used to evaluate the activity of the ANS, specifically the activation of parasympathetic system demonstrated by the significant correlations between RHR and HR at rest, as well as the correlation between RHR and CVI. Therefore, the activity in the first minute after ceasing the exercise shows that the evaluation of the parasympathetic nervous system could be implemented in the early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease.Support or Funding InformationThe research was funding by the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad La Sabana with the support of PROSEIM research group.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The recording of heart rate variability (HRV) is a strategy for the rapid and non‐invasive evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) activity. Previous studies have shown a rapid activation of the parasympathetic nervous system at the end of a physical effort and the association of this with the likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE Establish the relationship between recovery heart rate (RHR) after exercise and HRV at rest in apparently healthy men and women. METHODS Quantitative, cross‐sectional, exploratory research conducted in 50 subjects (25 men and 25 women) of 19 ± 2.34 years. Subjects were monitored by continuous electrocardiographic reading all throughout the different activities. The HRV was evaluated at rest for 5 minutes, using time, frequency and non‐linear analyzes, cardiac vagal index (CVI) was calculated using Log10 (SD1*SD2). Subsequently, a physical test of 6 minutes on the bike was performed between 50 and 60% of the maximum reserve heart rate. In the end, the RHR was evaluated every 10 seconds during the first minute. Subsequently, the relationship between HRV and RHR was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). RESULTS In all population, mean HR at rest and RHR had an inverse effect, finding the following correlations: 10s (r = −0.35 p = 0.01), 20s (r = −0.37 p = 0.007), 40s (r = −0.40 p = 0.004) and 60s (r = −0.53 p = 0.000). Additionally, in women exist a direct correlation between RHR and CVI been more significant in the following correlations: 40s (r = 0.41 p= 0.044), 50s (r = 0.52 p= 0.008) and 60s (r = 0.59 p = 0.002); however, in men this correlation was not significant. CONCLUSIONS When performing stress tests in apparently healthy people, the decrease of the HR after exercise could be used to evaluate the activity of the ANS, specifically the activation of parasympathetic system demonstrated by the significant correlations between RHR and HR at rest, as well as the correlation between RHR and CVI. Therefore, the activity in the first minute after ceasing the exercise shows that the evaluation of the parasympathetic nervous system could be implemented in the early diagnosis and prognosis of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease. Support or Funding Information The research was funding by the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad La Sabana with the support of PROSEIM research group. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
BackgroundThe immune system generates inflammatory responses through cytokines like Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF α); these cytokines mediate cellular responses aided by the presence of soluble receptors such as: Soluble Interleukin 6 Receptor (sIL6R) and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors Type 1 and 2 (sTNFR1, sTNFR2); the literature is limited about the relationship between this cytokines and the role of its soluble receptors.ObjectivesThis study is to determine a possible relationship between specific inflammatory markers and their soluble receptors with the autonomic nervous system's activity and body composition.Methods27 subjects (13 men of 19.3 ± 1.6 years old and 14 women of 19.1 ± 1.7 years old) were evaluated. Body composition, autonomic nervous system activity and plasma concentration of inflammatory markers IL‐6, TNF α, sIL6R, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were measured using bio‐impedance, heart rate variability and ELISA respectively.ResultsA positive association between body‐fat percentage and the sIL6R (0.47, p = .013) as well as inverse relationship between muscular mass and the sIL6R (−0.45, p = .019) were found. The sIL6R was also positively correlated with sympathetic activity markers: Relation LF/HF (0.52, p = .006), cardiac sympathetic index (0.45, p = .008), and cardiac vagal index (−0.44, p = .022).ConclusionThis study suggested that the IL‐6 trans‐signaling involving both the soluble receptor, sIL6R, and gp130 membrane co‐receptor could produce inflammatory responses that generate an impact on the autonomic nervous system, possibly due to its direct action on the hypothalamus, the solitary tract nucleus, or the heart.
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