A small preference has been observed for people to choose seats on the left of aircraft when booking via an online system. Although this is consistent with pseudoneglect-the known leftward bias in perception and representation-rightward preferences have been commonly observed in seating selection tasks in other environments. Additionally, the previous research in aircraft seating was unable to dissociate a bias to one side of the screen from a bias to one side of the cabin of the aircraft. Here, we present a study in which participants were asked to select seats for a range of fictional flights. They demonstrated a preference for seats on the right of the cabin, irrespective of whether the right of the cabin appeared to either the right or the left of the screen, a preference for seats towards the front of the aircraft and a preference to favour window and aisle seats. This suggests, in contrast to previous research, that participants demonstrated a rightward lateral bias to representations of an aircraft. These results may have implications for our understanding of asymmetries in cognition as well as having potentially important practical implications for airlines.
Introduction/Background The rare heterogenous autoimmune disease Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM) relies on prognostic tools including myositis specific antibodies (MSA) and myositis associated antibodies (MAA) to guide early treatment and reduce the risks of poor outcome. However, there is an emerging concern regarding the inter-assay validity due to the current lack of a standardised protocol for MSA/MAA screening across healthcare centres. Among available MSA/MAA screening assays, most laboratories prefer using immunoblot over immunoprecipitation, due to its practicality and lower cost. Notably, blotting-based assays were reported to have reduced specificity at detecting certain MSA/MAA subgroups. Description/Method A total of 472 JDM patients recruited via UK Juvenile Dermatomyositis Cohort and Biomarker Study (JDCBS) were included in this study. For immunoprecipitation cohort, the sera of 383 JDM-diagnosed patients were determined at the University of Bath using radio-labelled protein immunoprecipitation, and 140kDa bands were confirmed with ELISA for NXP2 or MDA5. For immunoblot cohort (n = 89), MSA/MAA results were obtained from the patients’ records at the centre of care. The immunoprecipitation group and immunoblot group were investigated for the frequency of each autoantibody subgroup within each cohort. The objective was to determine the sensitivity of each assay in detecting myositis relevant antibodies (MSA/MAA) in the context of JDM. Discussion/Results Overall, the majority of patients were female, and self-identified as white. Specifically, in immunoprecipitation cohort, 70.9% of the patients were female, while 77.1% of the patients self-identified as white. In the immunoblot cohort, 72.7% of the patient were female, while 65.9% self-identified as white. Regarding MSA/MAA status in each cohort, 225 out of 383 (58%) immunoprecipitation samples were positive for at least 1 myositis relevant autoantibody (MSA/MAA). In the immunoblot cohort the proportion was 53% (47 out of 89 samples). Despite the similar gender and ethnicity distribution, the frequencies of autoantibody subgroups varied between two cohorts. In descending order, the 3 most common MSAs detected by immunoprecipitation group were anti-TIF1γ (18.1%), anti-NXP2 (15.8%) and anti-MDA5 (5.9%). On the contrary, anti-MDA5 (15.5%) was the most prevalent autoantibody detected by immunoblot, followed by anti-TIF1γ (11.3%) and anti-NXP2 (9.3%), respectively. The prevalence of more than one myositis relevant autoantibodies detected in a patient was rare in both cohorts. Specifically, when excluding anti-Ro52, a MAA that is not detected with immunoprecipitation, 2.2% of the total patients in immunoblot cohort had more than 1 MSA/MAA. This rate is lower in immunoprecipitation cohort, as only 0.5% of the patients in this cohort were determined to be positive for more than one autoantibody subgroup. When accounting for anti-Ro52 in immunoblot cohort, 7 out of 8 anti-Ro52 positive patients were also positive for anti-MDA5, making up 7.9% of immunoblot cohort. Key learning points/Conclusion The variance between autoantibody frequencies detected by each method suggested that immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays do not perform equally for all MSA and MAA. The lower detection of anti-TIF1γ in immunoblot is consistent with previous reports. Additionally, a potential reduction of sensitivity in anti-NXP2 detection using immunoblot is observed for the first time. Higher rate of anti-MDA5 in immunoblot cohort might reflect the earlier pre-treatment samples compared to the samples tested in immunoprecipitation cohort, as the titre of anti-MDA5 was reported to decrease with treatment. As MSA/MAA status are interpreted by clinicians to classify JDM patients into homogenous subgroups for more focused treatment plans, the reliability of autoantibody screening process is an issue of interest. Further investigations are necessary to characterise the sensitivity and specificity of each method.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.