Active seismic faults in the Pacific Northwest area have encouraged electric utilities in the region to deeply contemplate and proactively intervene to support grid resilience. To further this effort this research introduces Monte Carlo (MC)-based power system modeling as a means to inform the Performance Based Earthquake Engineering method and simulates 100,000 sample earthquakes of a 6.8 magnitude (M6.8) Portland Hills Fault (PHF) scenario in the Portland General Electric (PGE) service territory as a proof of concept. This paper also proposes the resilience metric Seismic Load Recovery Factor (SLRF) to quantify the recovery of a downed power system and thus can be used to quantify earthquake economic risk. Using MC results, the SLRF was evaluated to be 19.7 h and the expected economic consequence cost of a M6.8 PHF event was found to be $180 million with an annualized risk of $90,000 given the event’s 1 in 2000 year probability of occurrence. The MC results also identified the eight most consequential substations in the PGE system—i.e., those that contributed to maximum load loss. This paper concludes that retrofitting these substations reduced the expected consequence cost of a M6.8 PHF event to $117 million.
Yemen and Libya undermined the conciliatory objectives of participatory constitution-making in both countries. The undermining of conciliatory processes, in turn, imperiled the creation of consensus-based constitutional texts and risked the creation of conflict constitutions that would prolong, rather than remedy, the sources of conflict.
As the world concluded its first full year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we wanted to ensure that this year's Annual Meeting spoke to the uniqueness of the current moment. We selected the theme "Reconceiving International Law: Creativity in Times of Crisis" as an acknowledgement that the United States and the world find themselves at an inflection point. We have been confronting a once-in-a-century global pandemic, an economic crisis, a racial justice crisis, as well as a climate crisis; and most recently in the United States, a crisis involving our democratic institutions. This year's theme also reflected the reality that times of crisis provide the opportunity for creative solutions. International lawyers and members of the Society are skilled at finding solutions to difficult problems. This year's Annual Meeting was an excellent forum for our members and partners around the world to discuss the creative use and reconception of international law as a positive tool to help address the multiple crises that humanity continues to confront at this critical moment.This year, we launched a new "Global Engagement Series" with a special series of four latebreaking virtual sessions held in advance of the Annual Meeting on "Reconceiving America's Global Role in the Biden Era: International Perspectives." The discussions focused on regionally specific issues of international law and policy that will be impacted by the new Biden-Harris administration and highlighted regional perspectives and diversified audiences. This new series was developed in close partnership with international law societies across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America.In addition to the Global Engagement Series, the Annual Meeting included a late-breaking panel on "Democracy Under Threat" which, in response to the January 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. Capitol, examined the longstanding vulnerabilities and emerging threats to democratic systems globally. Using the U.S. crisis as a case study for the themes of election disruption, political polarization, and the spread of misinformation on social media, former ASIL President Sean Murphy engaged in a conversation with Georgetown University School of Law Professor Rosa Brooks about current and historical efforts to destabilize democracies around the world, and the ways in which democratic institutions can resist these threats.As always, the ASIL Annual Meeting contained keynote addresses and lectures from luminaries in the international community. This year's Annual Meeting included keynote remarks from Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization, and David Miliband, the President of the International Rescue Committee. Lucy Reed delivered the Charles N. Brower Lecture, Yves Daudet delivered the Grotius Lecture, and Hannah Buxbaum served as the Grotius Distinguished Discussant. Remarks were also delivered by several distinguished award recipients including
N. General Assembly declared that under the United Nations Charter, states may not recognize a "territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force." G.A. Res. 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, pmbl. (Oct. 24, 1970). 10 As discussed in this Part, such groups include anti-colonial liberation movements in Algeria and Mozambique; revolutionary groups such as the FARC in
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