S u m m a r yChronotype is an attribute connected with an individual, preferred pattern of circadian activity on the continuum of morningness-eveningness. It mirrors the inter-individual differences in the course of circadian rhythms [1,2]. The studies indicate its connections with sleep-wake cycle, i.e.: time of sleep onset, wake up time and duration of sleep [3,4].Two methods of describing human chronotypes are considered in this paper: a subjective -questionnaire method and an objective method -actigraphy that measures the gross motor activity.The aim of the study was to assess the relation between results of Polish adaptation of Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire [5] and circadian activity measured with actigraphs in order to compare and evaluate the usefulness of both methods in chronotype related studies. Also, the purpose was to assess the relation between chronotype and socio-demographic factors such as sex, age and education in Polish population.The research group included 150 healthy volunteers of genders, 75 women and 75 men. The age of the respondents fell between 19 and 60 years old (34.25±12.13 EX±SD).The obtained results confirmed the usefulness of actigraphy in chronotype related studies. Also they confirmed modulation of chronotype with age and revealed differences in circadian activity between men and women. że jest on ściśle związany z przebiegiem rytmu senczuwanie, m.in. czasem zaśnięcia i budzenia się oraz czasem trwania snu [3,4].W pracy zastosowano dwie metody pomiaru chronotypu: kwestionariuszową oraz pomiar aktograficzny aktywności ruchowej.Celem pracy była ocena związku pomiędzy wynikami polskiej adaptacji kwestionariusza Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) Horna i Ostberga [5] a dobową aktywnością ruchową mierzoną aktograficznie oraz porównanie i ocena przydatności obu metod w badaniach nad chronotypem. Ponadto, dokonano oceny związku pomiędzy chronotypem i czynnikami społeczno-demograficznymi, takimi jak: płeć, wiek i wykształcenie, w populacji polskiej.Badaniami objęto grupę 150 zdrowych ochotników obu płci, 75 kobiet i 75 mężczyzn w wieku 19-60 lat (34.25±12.13; EX±SD ).Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły przydatność aktografii w badaniach nad chronotypem. Wyniki potwierdziły związek chronotypu z wiekiem oraz ujawniły różnice w aktywności dobowej między mężczyznami i kobietami.
Abstract. Very recent preliminary findings concerning the alerting capacities of light stimulus with long-wavelengths suggest the existence of neural pathways other than melatonin suppression that trigger the nonvisual response. Though the nonvisual effects of light during the daytime have not been investigated thoroughly, they are definitely worth investigating. The purpose of the present study is to enrich existing evidence by describing how quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis can give insight into the measurement of the acute nonvisual response observed in brain states generated during daytime exposure to light (when melatonin secretion is negligible). EEG changes were assessed in 19 subjects during the daytime while being exposed to both short- (blue, 72 μW/cm2) and long-wavelength (red, 18 μW/cm2) radiation. We showed that artificial light stimulus as low as 40 lux decreases the synchronization in the upper theta, lower alpha, and upper alpha EEG activity spectrum. The direction of change was consistent with an increased level of alertness. We can conclude that EEG analysis is an indicator of the acute nonvisual response to daytime light. Surprisingly, the response was more spread over the scalp during exposure to red light than to blue light. According to our study, the response to long-wavelength stimulus that inhibits sleepiness, thereby inducing alertness, also takes place at the bright part of the 24-hr day when human beings are naturally predisposed to be exposed to a high level of sunlight: between 12 and 4 PM. The absorption spectrum of the nonvisual system seems to have different characteristics than was previously suspected: it is not dominated by the short-wavelengths, but involves long-wavelengths. Since we observed the predominance of the red-light alerting effect over the blue-light in this experiment, we conclude that more than one mechanism, beyond the melatonin pathway, must be involved.
Background and aims: Working memory and executive functions, connected with the activity of prefrontal cortex play an important role in complex mental processes. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a main tool used for neuropsychological assessment of prefrontal cortex activity. Molecular genetics studies show the association between the performance on WCST and polymorphism of dopaminergic system genes in schizophrenia and healthy subjects, also with polymorphism of BDNF gene in bipolar disorders. In this study an association between performance on WCST and polymorphisms of selected candidate genes was assessed. Methods: The study included 200 healthy volunteers aged 18-60 years. Neuropsychological assessment was performed using WCST and following domains were evaluated: perseverative errors (inability to change the reaction), nonperseverative errors (attentional inability to avoid distraction), number of completed categories (ability to utilize new information), percent of conceptual responses (ability of conceptual thinking) and set to complete 1st category (ability to formulate a logical conception). Genotyping were done for polymorphism of dopaminergic: D1receptor (-48A/G) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT108/158Val/Met), serotoninergic (5-HTTLPR), glutamatergic: FYNkinase (93A/G, IVS10+37T/C, Ex12+894T/G) and neurotrophic: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF:C-270T,Val66Met) genes. Results: A/G polymorphism of DRD1 gene was connected with better results on trials to complete 1st category. Better performance on nonperseverative errors was observed in females with Val/Val genotype of COMT. The C/T genotype of C-270T BDNF polymorphism was associated with higher percentage of conceptual responses. Conclusion: The results obtained suggest a contribution of studied candidate genes to working memory and executive functions efficiency, connected with prefrontal cortex activity, in healthy subjects.
The paper contains a description of the original technique known as the Color Voltage Array (CVA) used for graphic presentation of EEG signal for both polysomnographic and EEG research. CVA uses color to present electrical voltages of particular waves in the EEG recordings calculated through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The overnight sleep records of 56 healthy volunteers of both sexes (42 women, 14 men; aged 19-27) were analyzed in order to verify the CVA technique. The obtained results confirm the applicability of the CVA technique to the analysis of the human sleep. For analysis of the sleep process, the authors suggest using the Color Voltage Array technique together with a traditional hypnogram. The informative value of a hypnogram increases significantly when combined with CVA. S t r e s z c z e n i e W pracy opisano oryginalną technikę Color Voltage Array (CVA) graficznej prezentacji sygnału EEG, do zastosowań zarówno w badaniach polisomnograficznych jak i w badaniach EEG. CVA prezentuje kolorowo zawartość napięć elektrycznych poszczególnych fal w zapisie EEG, obliczonych przy użyciu szybkiej transformaty Fouriera (FFT). W celu weryfikacji proponowanej techniki CVA, przebadano całonocne zapisy snu 56 zdrowych ochotników obojga płci (42 kobiety, 14 mężczyzn), w wieku 19-27 lat. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają przydatność techniki w analizie przebiegu polisomnograficznego snu człowieka. Autorzy proponują stosowanie w analizie przebiegu snu techniki Color Voltage Array wraz z tradycyjnym hipnogramem. Wartość informacyjna hipnogramu w połączeniu z CVA znacznie wtedy wzrasta.
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