Residential buildings in Latvia are one of the essential heat consumers during the heating season. The majority of Latvian as well as European residential buildings were constructed within the period from 1965 to 1990. Introduction presents brief overview of current situation in Latvian and EU countries. This chapter provides overview of real energy consumption and definition of buildings technical conditions. Materials and methods are based on evaluation of standardized energy consumption in two kindergartens and multi apartment buildings including also dynamic energy simulation. Chapter on thermal performance of building envelope provides an extensive comparison of heat transfer coefficients in non-renovated buildings as well as comparison with normative values. Section on energy consumption of existing multi apartment buildings presents review of buildings real energy consumption before and after renovation. In addition this chapter evaluated indoor air quality. This study was done in order to define necessary reconstruction goals to reach European Regional Development Fund project "A New Concept for Sustainable and Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings" Nr. 1.1.1.1/16/A/007 main targets. Аннотация. Жилые здания в Латвии являются одним из основных потребителей тепла в отопительный сезон. Большинство латвийских и европейских жилых зданий были построены в период с 1965 по 1990 год. Введение представляет краткий обзор текущей ситуации в Латвии и странах ЕС. В этой главе представлен обзор реального потребления энергии и определение технических условий для зданий. Материалы и методы основаны на оценке стандартизированного потребления энергии в двух детских садах и многоквартирных домах, включая также динамическое моделирование энергии. В главе, касающейся тепловых характеристик ограждающих конструкций зданий, дано подробное сравнение коэффициентов теплоотдачи в не отреставрированных зданиях и сравнение их с нормативными значениями. В разделе об энергопотреблении существующих многоквартирных домов представлен обзор реального потребления энергии зданиями до и после модернизации. Кроме того, в этой главе дается оценка качества воздуха в помещении.
A series of compounds containing a 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment were evaluated for their antiviral activity against influenza A virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1)
in vitro
. The most potent antiviral compound proved to be a quaternary ammonium salt based on (-)-borneol, 10a. In
in vitro
experiments, compound 10a inhibited influenza A viruses (H1, H1pdm09, and H3 subtypes), with an IC
50
value of 2.4-16.8 µM (depending on the virus), and demonstrated low toxicity (CC
50
= 1311 µM). Mechanism-of-action studies for compound 10a revealed it to be most effective when added at the early stages of the viral life cycle. In direct haemolysis inhibition tests, compound 10a was shown to decrease the membrane-disrupting activity of influenza A virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34. According to molecular modelling results, the lead compound 10a can bind to different sites in the stem region of the viral hemagglutinin.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00705-021-05102-1.
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