In this study, dissolution
of pristine alkali lignin into ethylene
glycol, followed by addition of different acidic conditions (HCl,
H2SO4, and H3PO4 at different
pH) has been considered as a simple method to prepare high yield lignin
nanoparticles (LNP). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
Zeta potential, gel permeation
chromatography (GPC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) have been
utilized to determine the influence of the precipitation procedures
on particle size, Zeta potential, molecular weight, and thermal stability
of final obtained LNP. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) were also considered to investigate the influence of lignin
chemical structures and composition on its antioxidative and antimicrobial
behaviors. Results from DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) activity
revealed the antioxidant response of LNP aqueous solutions, whereas
results from antimicrobial tests confirmed LNP as effective antibacterial
agents against Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (CFBP 1323) (Pst), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv vesicatoria (CFBP 3274) (Xav), and Xanthomonas arboricola pv pruni (CFBP 3894) (Xap) plant
pathogen strains. The results confirmed how high efficient antioxidant
and antimicrobial LNP could be considered as an easy methodology for
plant pathogens control. LNPs penetrate the cell wall by its lysis
and react with ROS species inducing oxidative stress, ATP depletion,
and decrease in intracellular pH of plant bacteria.
Diabetic wounds often have a slow healing process and become easily infected owing to hyperglycemia in wound beds. Once planktonic bacterial cells develop into biofilms, the diabetic wound becomes more resistant to treatment. Although it remains challenging to accelerate healing in a diabetic wound due to complex pathology, including bacterial infection, high reactive oxygen species, chronic inflammation, and impaired angiogenesis, the development of multifunctional hydrogels is a promising strategy. Multiple functions, including antibacterial, pro-angiogenesis, and overall pro-healing, are high priorities. Here, design strategies, mechanisms of action, performance, and application of functional hydrogels are systematically discussed. The unique properties of hydrogels, including bactericidal and wound healing promotive effects, are reviewed. Considering the clinical need, stimuli-responsive and multifunctional hydrogels that can accelerate diabetic wound healing are likely to form an important part of future diabetic wound management.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.