Platinum cluster formations have been investigated as a way to reduce the amount of Pt at the cathode of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. One, two, and three layers of Pt (0.05 mg/cm 2 ) sputtered directly on microporous layers of gas diffusion layers with and without interfacial carbon-Na�on layers and carbon-polytetra�uoroethylene (CP�FE) layers have been used as a cathode. Comparison with experimental results had showed that the best performance was obtained with three layers of Pt sputtered on carbon-Na�on containing 34.8 wt.% of Na�on and sputtered carbon-polytetra�uoroethylene containing 16.9 wt.% of polytetra�uoroethylene. High limiting current densities (>1.1 A/cm 2 ) have been reached with cathode Pt loading as low as 0.05 mg/cm 2 . SEM imagery and cyclic voltammetry characterization have been performed to consolidate this study. High Pt utilization can be showed by this method. e factor in�uencing Pt utilisation in the oxygen reduction reaction is intrinsically related to Pt clusters formation and helps in enhancing the PEMFC performance with low Pt loading.
Aims: Lipids have important role in cookies production depending on their nature and function. In this study, the effect of refined cottonseeds oil (RCO), refined palm oil (RPO), and red (or crude) palm oil (CPO) on physicochemical characteristics of gluten-free sorghum cookies was evaluated and compared to control gluten-free cookies produced with a margarine (M20).
Methodology: RCO and RPO were incorporated at the level of 20 % and CPO at the level of 16%. The physicochemical characteristics were determined according to standard methods of analysis.
Results: Moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, sugar, fiber, pH, fat acidity, and energy value were ranged respectively between 0.12 ± 0.05 and 1.72 ± 0.02 % ; 2.00 ± 0.00 and 2.34 ± 0.01% (g/100g DM) ; 6.91 ± 0,08 and 7.49 ± 0.07% (g/100g DM) ; 20.61 ± 0.01 and 25.62 ± 0.53% (g/100g DM) ; 61.71 ± 0.52 and 65.79 ± 0.23% (g/100g DM) ; 3.41 ± 0.52 and 8.02 ± 2.04% (g/100g DM) ; 7.01 ± 0.00 and 7.36 ± 0.00; 0.03± 0.00 and 0.11 % of H2SO4 ; 462.70 ± 8.17 and 505.79 ±5.32 Kcal. The use of RCO and RPO induced significantly increase of the fat content. But, the moisture, ash, fat, sugar and the energy of the experimental and control cookies are in accordance with the recommended value of the guidelines of codex Alimentarius on supplementary foods for older infants and young children.
Conclusion: RCO, RPO and CPO exhibit the potential to be used as substitutes to margarine in the production of gluten-free cookies with interesting nutritional values.
The study highlights the potential recharge areas of the aquifers of the Department of Aboisso for an adequate and rational management of their use. The methodology used consisted in the identification of parameters (land use, soil types, drainage density, slope, induced permeability and alteration thickness) allowing infiltration and their expression as thematic maps. A weighting of these parameters was made by the multicriteria analysis method of Saaty. The integration to GIS conducted to elaborate the map of the potential recharge area of the aquifers for the Department of Aboisso. It brings to light five recharge level classes (bad: 20%; mediocre: 19%, medium: 45%; good: 15% and very good: 1%) in the study area. That map reveals the dominance of good recharge areas covering 61% and practically all over the studied area. They are generally characterized with gentle slopes coupled with mosaics of cultivations and forests, and high induced permeability allowing better infiltration. The zones of low recharge cover 39% of the department's area, and are mainly located in urban areas inside the streams. This study exhibited that the land use is the preponderant parameter influencing the recharge in base area. This map could be considered as an excellent support for all kinds of activities especially to implement planning in the Department of Aboisso, the setting up of drilling broadbands and the choice of future sites for landfills or landfill of wastes to protect groundwater from any pollution.
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