Purpose: The outbreak of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern. Telehealth is an effective option to ght the outbreak of COVID-19. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the role of telehealth services in preventing, diagnosing, treating, and controlling diseases during COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This systematic review was conducted through searching ve databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct. Inclusion criteria included studies clearly de ning any use of telehealth services in all aspects of health care during COVID-19 outbreak, published from December 31, 2019, written in English language and published in peer reviewed journals. Two reviewers independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the included studies. Quality assessment was based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) checklist. Narrative synthesis was undertaken to summarize and report the ndings. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion out of the 142 search results. Currently, healthcare providers and patients who are self-isolating, telehealth is certainly appropriate in minimizing the risk of COVID-19 transmission. This solution has the potential to prevent any sort of direct physical contact, provide continuous care to the community, and nally reduce morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions: The use of telehealth improves the provision of health services. Therefore, telehealth should be an important tool in caring services while keeping patients and health providers safe during COVID-19 outbreak.

The prefrontal cortex is the superlative structure of brain that needs the longest developmental and maturational duration that highlights the region of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in neuroimaging studies. Prefrontal cortex functions generate enormously complex and its abundant feedback neurocircuitries with subcortical structures such as striatum and thalamus established through dual neural fibers. These microneurocircuitries are called corticostriatothalamocortical (CSTC) circuits. The CSTC circuits paly an essential role in flexible behaviors. The impaired circuits increase the risk of behavioral and psychological symptoms. ADHD is an especial developmental stage of paediatric disease. It has been reported that the CSTC circuits dysfunctions in ADHD are related to homologous symptoms. This study aimed to review the symptoms of ADHD and discuss the recent advances on the effects of the disease as well as the new progress of treatments with each circuit.

Background This study investigated cognitive and emotional functioning in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (DICCD). Methods Thirty patients with ADHD, 26 with DICCD, 22 with ADHD+DICCD were recruited from the outpatient department of Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, plus 20 healthy controls (HC). Differences between the groups in cognitive and emotional functioning were examined using Golden’s Stroop and Emotional Stroop tests. For Emotional Stroop Mean reaction time (RT) of positive word (POS) and negative word (NEG) with color congruence (C) or incongruence (I) were recorded as POS-C, POS-I, NEG-C and NEG-I, respectively. Results For Golden’s interference scores (IGs), both errors and RTs in the ADHD group were higher than in the other groups. Longer mean RTs of POS-C, POS-I, NEG-C and neural word (NEU) of the ADHD group, and NEG-I of ADHD+DICCD and DICCD groups were observed compared to HC. After 12 weeks of methylphenidate treatment, differences between ADHD subgroups and HC on Golden’s Stroop RT disappeared, but differences in Golden’s Stroop errors and Emotional Stroop mean RTs remained. The ADHD+DICCD group showed longer mean RTs in NEG-C, NEG-I and NEU of the Emotional Stroop test than the ADHD group. Conclusions Our study shows that regardless of emotional responding, deficit in cognitive control is the core symptom of ADHD. However, emotionally biased stimuli may cause response inhibitory dysfunction among DICCD with callous-unemotional traits, and the comorbidity of ADHD and DICCD tends to account for the negative emotional response characteristic of DICCD. These deficits may be eliminated by medication treatment in ADHD, but not the ADHD with comorbid DICCD. Our results support the notion that ADHD with comorbid DICCD is more closely related to DICCD than to ADHD.

Background: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is associated with impairment in emotional self-regulation and verbal working memory. Lamotrigine (LTG) is effective in the clinical management of BD. Objective: To investigate whether treatment with LTG is coupled with altered function within neural circuits subserving emotional processing and verbal working memory, in a BDI sample. Method: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to explore blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response across the whole brain in 12 stable BDI patients at baseline and following 12 weeks of LGT monotherapy. Stimuli were presented in a block-design while individuals performed a verbal working memory (N-back sequential letter) task and in an event-related fashion during an angry facial affect recognition task. Data was acquired using a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner and analysed using SPM2. Group activation maps were generated for each task and for the drug-free and post-medication condition. A threshold of p < 0.001 was used. Effect of LGT on brain activation during tasks was explored using a random-effects, within-group comparison. Results: In both tasks, LGT monotherapy was associated with increased BOLD signal when compared to baseline in a number of brain regions, mostly within the prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. All foci of increased activation with LTG monotherapy were observed within cortical regions normally engaged in verbal working memory and facial affect processing. Conclusions: LTG monotherapy in BD patients may enhance cortical function within neural circuits involved in memory and emotional self-regulation. Declaration: This study was supported by an unrestricted Glax-oSmithKline grant.