College is a key period for students' specialty study and development, and an important stage of career exploration. We examined the relationship between proactive personality, career adaptability, and perceived social support and specialty identity among 610 Chinese college students. The mediating effect of perceived social support was greater than that of specialty identity. Therefore, providing more social support to college students may be more conducive to increasing their career adaptability. The chain intermediary effect of perceived social support indicated that specialty identity is also significant. Thus, college students with a more proactive personality can perceive more emotional support and study harder, thereby increasing their specialty identity and career adaptability. Results of this study can help guide universities in offering courses and activities that promote students' career adaptability with perceived social support and specialty identity in mind. Results also provide a model for future study of the influence of proactive personality on college student career adaptability.
Previous research suggested that emotional facial expressions significantly influence perceivers' behaviors in interactive decision-making. Although emotional facial expressions of opponents could bias participants' behaviors, little was known about the reason for this effect. Based on the social functions of emotions and dual-process theories of decision-making, the present study aimed to explore the effect of three emotional facial expressions, i.e. happiness, neutral and anger, on individuals' cooperative behaviors in prisoner's dilemma game and the underlying mechanism, i.e. the mediating role of expectations of others' cooperation and the moderating role of individuals' decision modes.Three experiments were designed to test the hypothesis. The emotional facial expressions were manipulated by grey-scale images of emotionally expressive faces (3 males and 3 females, 260 × 300 pixels) taken from a standard set of Chinese Affective Picture System (CAPS) in three experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of emotional facial expressions (happiness/neutral/anger) on participants' cooperation, as well as the mediating role of expectations of partner' cooperation with a one-factor between-subjects design. A total of 180 adult participants were recruited for this experiment (109 females; mean age 22.36 ± 4.10 years) and were randomly assigned to happy, neutral or angry conditions. Experiment 2 adopted a 3(facial expressions: happiness/neutral/anger) × 2(decision modes: intuitive/deliberative) between-subjects design to examine moderating role of decision modes, as well as the mediating role of expectations of partner' cooperation. A total of 185 adult participants were recruited for this experiment (130 females; mean age 21.48 ± 2.71 years). And the decision modes were manipulated by instructions. Experiment 3 adopted a 3(facial expressions: happiness/neutral/anger) × 2(time pressure: time constraint/time delay) between-subjects design to examine moderating role of time pressure, as well as the mediating role of expectations of partner' cooperation. A total of 218 adult participants were recruited for this experiment (148 females; mean age 23.74 ± 3.11 years). And the time pressure were manipulated by imposing a time constraint.The results of the three experiments showed: (1) participants were found to be more cooperative towards happy partners compared to angry ones, and the expectations of partners' cooperation mediated the relationship between emotional facial expressions and participants' cooperative behaviors (Experiment 1); (2) only under the condition of intuitive decision mode, participants were found to be more cooperative towards happy and neutral partners compared to angry ones, and the expectations of partners' cooperation mediated the relationship between emotional facial expressions and participants' cooperative behaviors (Experiment 2); (3) only under the condition of time constraint, participants were found to be more cooperative towards happy partners compared to angry and neutral ones, and t...
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