Past studies have identified individual differences in infant visual attention based upon peak look duration during initial exposure to a stimulus. Colombo and colleagues (e.g., Colombo & Mitchell, 1990) found that infants that demonstrate brief visual fixations (i.e., short lookers) during familiarization are more likely to demonstrate evidence of recognition memory during subsequent stimulus exposure than infants that demonstrate long visual fixations (i.e., long lookers). The current study utilized event-related potentials to examine possible neural mechanisms associated with individual differences in visual attention and recognition memory for 6-and 7.5-month-old infants. Short-and long-looking infants viewed images of familiar and novel objects during ERP testing. There was a stimulus type by looker type interaction at temporal and frontal electrodes on the late slow wave (LSW). Short lookers demonstrated a LSW that was significantly greater in amplitude in response to novel stimulus presentations. No significant differences in LSW amplitude were found based on stimulus type for long lookers. These results indicate deeper processing and recognition memory of the familiar stimulus for short lookers.

Active and durable anode electrocatalysts are of vital importance for practical implementation of fuel cells. However, the surface-adsorbed reaction intermediates, especially CO, easily poison and deactivate the electrocatalysts. Here, we report ultrathin molybdenum–palladium hydride (MoPdH) bimetallene as a high-efficiency electrocatalyst for the methanol oxidation reaction. This exhibits a 6.0-fold enhancement of mass activity relative to commercial Pd black catalyst. Alloying with Mo strongly enhances the H binding ability of Pd and thereby stabilizes the MoPdH bimetallene. The resulting ultrathin hydride structure and the stabilization of it by Mo alloying yields a MoPdH bimetallene with the outstanding CO tolerance. The stabilization is understood in terms of the Miedema rule, which thus provides a new opportunity for catalyst design boosting the commercialization of fuel cells based on stable bimetallene hydride nanosheets.

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The goal of this study was to examine developmental change in visual attention to dynamic visual and audiovisual stimuli in 3‐, 6‐, and 9‐month‐old infants. Infant look duration was measured during exposure to dynamic geometric patterns and Sesame Street video clips under three different stimulus modality conditions: unimodal visual, synchronous audiovisual, and asynchronous audiovisual. Infants looked longer toward Sesame Street stimuli than geometric patterns, and infants also looked longer during multimodal audiovisual (synchronous and asynchronous) presentations than during unimodal visual presentations. There was a three‐way interaction of age, stimulus type, and stimulus modality. Significant differences were found within and between age groups related to stimulus modality (visual or audiovisual) while viewing Sesame Street clips. No significant interaction was found between age and stimulus type while infants viewed dynamic geometric patterns. These findings indicate that patterns of developmental change in infant attention vary based on stimulus complexity and modality of presentation.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were utilized in an investigation of 21 six-month-olds' attention to and processing of global and local properties of hierarchical patterns. Overall, infants demonstrated an advantage for processing the overall configuration (i.e., global properties) of local features of hierarchical patterns; however, processing advantages were found to vary based on individual differences in look duration. Short-looking infants showed differences in the negative central ERP component and the late slow wave (LSW) indicating greater attention to and discrimination of changes in global properties. Analysis of the LSW revealed that long-looking infants discriminated changes in local features, but did not discriminate changes in global properties of visual stimuli. These findings indicate that short- and long-looking infants utilize different approaches when processing hierarchical patterns.

High‐performance rechargeable Zn‐air batteries with long‐life stability are desirable for power applications in electric vehicles. The key component of the Zn‐air batteries is the bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst, however, designing a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst with high intrinsic reversibility and durability is a challenge. Through density functional theory calculations, it is found that the catalytic activity originated from the electronic and geometric coordination structures synergistic effect of the Fe and Co dual‐sites with metal‐N4 coordination environment, assisting the stronger hybridization of electronic orbitals between Co (dxz, dz2) and OO* (px, pz), thus making the stronger O2 active ability of Co active site. These findings enable to development of a fancy dual single‐atom catalyst comprising adjacent FeN4 and CoN4 sites on N‐doped carbon matrix (FeCo‐NC). FeCo‐NC exhibits extraordinary bifunctional activities for oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR/OER), which displays high half‐wave potential (0.893 V) for the ORR, and low overpotential (343 mV) at 10 mA cm−2 for the OER. The assembled FeCo‐NC air‐electrode works well in the flexible solid‐state Zn‐air battery with a high specific capacity of 747.0 mAh g−1, a long‐time stability of more than 400 h (30 °C), and also a superior performance at extreme temperatures (−30 °C–60 °C).

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The interfacial charge transfer still limits the photoactivity of artificial Z-scheme photocatalysts although they showed complementary light absorption and a strong photoredox ability. In this study, layered metallene is designed as an efficient electron mediator for constructing a C3N4/bismuthene/BiOCl 2D/2D/2D Z-scheme system. This bismuthene serves as a bridge processing superior charge conductibility, abundant metal–semiconductor contact sites, and the shortened charge diffusion distance, enhancing the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction activity and stability. Density functional theory calculations show that the bismuthene creates a built-in electric field and congregates interfacial electrons, which is confirmed by the stable and consistent emission of the ultrafast transient absorption spectra. This work gives new insight into the interface design of Z-scheme photocatalysts by selecting a novel metallene electron mediator.