Purpose: Although Pakistan receives large quantity of foreign aid, like other developing countries, but it remains more dependent on foreign assistance for economic development since independence. This situation has commenced a vigorous discussion on aid-growth effectiveness. Methodology: This research work evaluates the macroeconomic impact of foreign aid on Pakistan economy by using secondary data. The empirical analysis is based on ARDL cointegration approach after testing for unit root, using the data for the period 1972-2014. Findings: The findings suggest there is no long run relationship between Foreign aid and Economic Growth. However, there exists negative short run relation between Foreign aid and Economic Growth of Pakistan. Implications: Based on the study findings, the study recommends that government of Pakistan should find alternate sources of financing as the relation between foreign aid and economic growth is found negative and insignificant. The in depth analysis of the study made it evident that allocation of aid to those sectors of the economy which really needs development, is more productive, provided that the country should use aid funds in the right direction, as corruption less economy prosper more rapidly.
This study investigates the determinants of child labor, the factors that constitute the welfare of child labor, and the factors that determine the welfare of child labor by providing evidence from three major populated districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), namely, Mardan, Peshawar, and Swat. This employs a structured questionnaire methodology and collects data from 200 households in each district. The research further applies Probit model to estimate the determinants of child labor and finds that income level of household, household head’s employment, household head’s education, joint family structure, and residence in urban location reduces the likelihood of child labor. However, household’s head age, household’ size, debt, and economic shock increase the likelihood of child labor. Additionally, this study uses Rees Good Childhood index to measure and compare the welfare of child labor and non-child labor. The findings suggest that child labor has a lower welfare level as compared to non-child labor. Finally, the OLS technique is applied to estimate the determinants of the welfare of child labor. The findings suggest that the wage of child, safety measures at the workplace, leisure, age, and education promote the welfare of child labor. However, the number of working hours, abuse, and hazardous work, adversely affect welfare of child labor.
The objective of the study is to estimate the determinants of price stickiness or flexibility. Data is collected through structured questionnaire from 342 firms, which are selected through stratified random sampling technique from the Industrial Estate of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To estimate the determinants of price flexibility/rigidity, models are estimated through ordinary least squares technique and binary logistic technique. The most important factors for price stickiness are implicit/explicit price contracts and minimum price volatility. Imperfect competitive market structure, number of regular customers, backward-looking behavior, and credibility of central bank and size of the firm are important determinants of price rigidity. While economic literacy and information set regarding expected inflation make the prices flexible. Study recommend that monetary policy of Pakistan should use other transmission channels of money supply instead of traditional channel, because it is found that the degree of price rigidity is low in Pakistan. Keywords: Price Rigidity, Price Flexibility, Price Contract, Frequency of Price Change.
To evaluate the mental wellbeing of the general population in districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan using the World Health Organization-Five (WHO-5) well-being index. METHODS: WHO-5 well-being index questionnaire was used to document the mental well-being of individuals from thirteen most populous districts from seven divisional administrations of KP province. A rural-urban sample within these districts was estimated on the basis of proportional allocation method. The towns, villages and households in the selected districts were chosen through systematic random sampling technique by dividing the total households by the sample size. The mean score for the province was calculated and compared it to each district's scores and to the rural-urban scores. RESULTS:Out of 500 households, 303 (60.6%) were from rural and 197 (39.4%) from urban areas. Mean WHO-5 wellbeing scores was 14.60±2.65, 14.38±2.75 & 14.81±3.13 for province, urban and rural areas respectively. Higher scores reflecting better quality of life in various life domains was reported for Swabi (18.20±3.201), Haripur (18.00±2.98) and Abbottabad (17.64±3.39). Lowest scores were reported from Bannu (10.6±2.716), Charsadda (11.5±2.89) & Dera Ismail Khan (12.03±3.25) districts. Higher score for urban areas was reported from Swabi (19.8±3.243), Nowshehra (17.77±3.10) & Haripur (17.44±2.760), while for rural areas in Abbottabad (19.42±3.729), Haripur (18.33±3.01) & Mardan (17.70±3.284) districts. CONCLUSION: Mental well-being is higher for people living in Swabi, Haripur, & Abbottabad and lower for residents of Bannu, Charsadda & Dera Ismail Khan districts. Further research is required to study the contributing factors for lower mental well-being in these districts.
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