The authors examine the association between unionization and non-standard work in terms of coverage and wages. They use data from the master files of Canada’s Labour Force Survey (LFS) between 1997–98 and 2013–14 to define and measure non-standard work and to provide a continuum of vulnerability across work arrangements. The estimated probability of being employed in some form of non-permanent job increased 2.9 percentage points from 1997 to 2014. During that same period, the estimated probability of being in a non-full-time, non-permanent job—another way of capturing non-standard work—increased 2.5 percentage points. Although estimated union wage premiums declined rather precipitously for all groups, the union wage advantage remained highest among non-standard workers. Further, the authors find the union wage premium is largest for the most vulnerable of non-standard workers. In terms of estimates that look across the earnings distribution, the union wage premium among non-standard workers is larger for workers higher up the earnings profile.
Drawing from investment and statistical discrimination theories, we test a model to examine the income growth trajectories of male and female youth volunteers and non-volunteers. Using growth curve modeling for four waves of longitudinal data for the reference period 2001-2007 ( n = 7,447), we find that male and female youth volunteers face an initial earnings disadvantage vis-à-vis youth non-volunteers; this penalty is smaller for females compared with males. However, over time, the income growth of volunteers is higher than that of non-volunteers. Male volunteers experience faster earnings growth than female volunteers. Furthermore, we find that, given the more rapid earnings growth of male volunteers relative to female volunteers, volunteering serves to widen, rather than narrow, the gender wage gap. The implications for future research and the relevance of the findings for career counselors, youth, and voluntary organizations are discussed.
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