SUMMARY Of 31 cases of haemorrhage from oesophageal varices treated by sclerotherapy eight came to necropsy. The oesophagus and proximal stomach were studied by means of a serial block technique and the histopathological findings in each case were recorded on two full-scale maps: one representing superficial tissues including the submucosa and the other the deeper tissues. The patterns of thrombosis, ulceration, necrosis, and fibrosis were studied in relation to the time interval since injection. Thrombosis and tissue necrosis were present within 24 hours of sclerotherapy, ulceration after seven days, and fibrosis after a month. Fibrosis was sometimes associated with stricture formation, which readily responded to dilatation. Patients with fibrosis had a reduced incidence of rebleeding.Haemorrhage from oesophageal varices is a frightening and often lethal complication of cirrhosis of the liver. A portocaval shunt does not appear to prolong survival and may be followed by encephalopathy and neuropsychiatric syndromes, even in those patients with good liver function.1 This procedure has therefore been abandoned at our hospital in favour of oesophageal sclerotherapy. In order to study the effects of this treatment we examined the oesophagus of patients coming to necropsy by means of the serial block technique used bK Mochizuki in his work on gastric cancer in Japan. Our findings are described in this paper. MethodsEach varix at the lower end of the oesophagus was injected with 3 ml of sclerosant through an endviewing fibre-endoscope using a fine injection needle (Olympus NM3). Apart from case 2 where ethanolamine oleate injection BPC was used, the sclerosant was STD (sodium tetra-decyl sulphate 3% w/v). Up to four varices were injected at a time, the treatment being repeated at weekly intervals until the risk of bleeding was small, and thereafter at monthly intervals in surviving patients until all varices had disappeared.Of 31 cases of bleeding oesophageal varices Received for publication 13 November 1981 treated by sclerotherapy eight came to necropsy. The oesophagus was opened in continuity with the stomach, the latter along the greater curvature, both being removed as one specimen and laid out flat on a tray during fixation in formol saline. The specimen was photographed as soon as practicable. After fixation, the outline of the specimen was traced onto paper with an underlying carbon copy to provide a stain-free map. The oesophagus and proximal stomach were sliced transversely to provide 50-75 adjacent blocks whose position and identity number were marked on the map (Fig. 1). Their large size necessitated hand processing of the blocks. Paraffin sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin and by MSB trichrome. During histological examination, the position of thrombosed (in one case dilated non-thrombosed) blood vessels and the extent of necrosis and ulceration were marked on the coverslip using felt-tipped pens according to a colour code. The slide markings were transferred to the corresponding site of t...
Previous research has shown that sound symbolism facilitates action label learning when the test trial used to assess learning immediately followed the training trial in which the (novel) verb was taught. The current study investigated whether sound symbolism benefits verb learning in the long term. Forty-nine children were taught either sound-symbolically matching or mismatching pairs made up of a novel verb and an action video. The following day, the children were asked whether a verb can be used for a scene shown in a video. They were tested with four videos for each word they had been taught. The four videos differed as to whether they contained the same or different actions and actors as in the training video: (1) same-action, same-actor; (2) same-action, different-actor; (3) different-action, same-actor; and (4) different-action, different-actor. The results showed that sound symbolism significantly improved the childrens’ ability to encode the semantic representation of the novel verb and correctly generalise it to a new event the following day. A control experiment ruled out the possibility that children were generalising to the “same-action, different-actor” video because they did not recognize the actor change due to the memory decay. Nineteen children were presented with the stimulus videos that had also been shown to children in the sound symbolic match condition in Experiment 1, but this time the videos were not labeled. In the test session the following day, the experimenter tested the children’s recognition memory for the videos. The results indicated that the children could detect the actor change from the original training video a day later. The results of the main experiment and the control experiment support the idea that a motivated (iconic) link between form and meaning facilitates the symbolic development in children. The current study, along with recent related studies, provided further evidence for an iconic advantage in symbol development in the domain of verb learning. A motivated form-meaning relationship can help children learn new words and store them long term in the mental lexicon.
second possibility arises from its paradoxical effect in preventing implantation in rats, either by accelerated tubal transport of eggs or by counteracting the oestrogen surge at ovulation (Harper and Walpole, 1967b). Probably small doses of ICI 46,474 given continuously to normally ovulating women might prevent implantation without otherwise interfering with the normal menstrual cycle.
After the police brutality deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Freddie Gray, amongst others, many call for increased accountability through police officer body-worn cameras. The following Note discusses the potential benefits of body camera use, the concerns that body cameras raise, relevant current and pending legislation in Pennsylvania, and whether police body cameras can be used to address race relations in connection with police officer brutality.
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