To overcome the poor solubility of the widely 8 used p-type dopant 2, 3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoqui-9 nodimethane (F4TCNQ) 31,32 and 3,6-difluoro-2,5,7,7,8,8-75 In this paper, we first demonstrate a straightforward synthetic 88 route to soluble versions of F4TCNQ-type dopants by 89 substituting the cyano groups with either methyl or n-octyl f1 90 esters (Figure 1). A comprehensive study of the electro-91 chemical properties of these F4TCNQ analogues is performed 92 using cyclic voltammetry. With a combination of optical 93 absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and 94 conductivity measurements, we not only demonstrate the p-95 type doping of P3HT using these new dopants, but also show 96 that comparable doping efficiency can be achieved even with 97 slightly reduced electron affinity. These novel molecular 98 dopants establish that the introduction of solubility control is 99 a successful strategy to tailor the properties of organic p-type 100 dopants. 101 ■ EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 102Materials. 1,4-Bis(chloromethyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene was 103 purchased from Oakwood Products. Sodium hydride (60% dispersion 104 in mineral oil) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Bromine, 105 perfluorobenzene, potassium carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, malono-106 nitrile, sodium acetate, sodium hydroxide, and phosphorus tribromide 107 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide 108 (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Acros 109 Organics. Hydrochloric acid (37% aqueous), p-toluenesulfonic acid 110 monohydrate, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dichloromethane 111 (DCM), ethyl acetate, toluene, and hexane were purchased from 112 Fisher Scientific. Acetic acid and sodium cyanide were purchased from 113 Fluka. Octanol was purchased from EM Science. Trifluoroacetic acid 114 (TFA) and acetic anhydride were purchased from EMD. P3HT 115 (Regioregular >98%, M n = 54−75 kDa, HOMO 5 eV and LUMO 3 116 eV) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. F4TCNQ (>98%) was 117 purchased from TCI. All chemicals were used as received unless 118 otherwise indicated. All solvents were dried over molecular sieves (3 119 Å) before use. 120Characterization.
There is a critical need to develop a method to pattern semiconducting polymers for device applications on the sub-micrometer scale.
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