1Synchronous, but not asynchronous, multisensory stimulation has been 2 successfully employed to manipulate the experience of body ownership, as in the 3 case of the rubber hand illusion. Hence, it has been assumed that the rubber 4 hand illusion is bound by the same temporal rules as in multisensory integration. 5However, empirical evidence of a direct link between the temporal limits on the 6 rubber hand illusion and those on multisensory integration is still lacking. Here 7 we provide the first comprehensive evidence that individual susceptibility to the 8 rubber hand illusion depends upon the individual temporal resolution in 9 multisensory perception, as indexed by the temporal binding window. In 10 particular, in two studies we showed that the degree of temporal asynchrony 11 necessary to prevent the induction of the rubber hand illusion depends upon the 12 individuals' sensitivity to perceiving asynchrony during visuo-tactile stimulation. 13That is, the larger the temporal binding window, as inferred from a simultaneity 14 judgment task, the higher the level of asynchrony tolerated in the rubber hand 15 illusion. Our results suggest that current neurocognitive models of body 16 ownership Introduction 23Body representation has been linked to the processing and integration of 24 multisensory signals (for reviews: (Blanke, 2012; Ehrsson, 2012). An 25 outstanding example of the pivotal role played by multisensory mechanisms in 26 body representation is the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI; (Blanke, 2012; Botvinick 27 & Cohen, 1998; Ehrsson, 2012). This illusion is generated when temporally close 28 visual and tactile events occur on a visible rubber hand and the hidden 29 that the subjective ratings of the illusion and the proprioceptive drift were 67 significantly higher for short delays, up to 300 msec. In the present study we do a 68 step forward by formally associating sensitivity to the rubber hand illusion to 69 temporal sensitivity in multisensory integration. Such a finding would foster new 70 Costantini et al. Page 5 of 32investigations into the temporal unfolding of body ownership, an issue largely 71 neglected so far. 72In order to achieve this, we measured participants' TBWs through the use of a 73 simultaneity judgment task, employing visual and tactile stimuli. Next, in the 74 same participants, and employing the same stimuli, we measured susceptibility 75 to the RHI in the synchronous and asynchronous conditions. Importantly, in the 76 asynchronous condition we individualized the amount of asynchrony (i.e. 77Stimulus Onset Asynchrony, SOA) between the visual and the tactile stimuli, 78 based on the individuals' TBW. This means that the individuals' own TBW was 79 used to establish the asynchrony between the visual stimulus delivered on the 80 rubber hand and the tactile stimulus delivered on the participants' real hand. In 81 more detail, rather than using standard large asynchronies, as used in previous 82 research ( Tsakiris & Haggard, 2005) (usually up to 1000 ms), we selected, at th...
Centrosome amplification results into genetic instability and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. Supernumerary centrosomes trigger p53 stabilization dependent on the PIDDosome (a multiprotein complex composed by PIDD1, RAIDD and Caspase‐2), whose activation results in cleavage of p53’s key inhibitor, MDM2. Here, we demonstrate that PIDD1 is recruited to mature centrosomes by the centriolar distal appendage protein ANKRD26. PIDDosome‐dependent Caspase‐2 activation requires not only PIDD1 centrosomal localization, but also its autoproteolysis. Following cytokinesis failure, supernumerary centrosomes form clusters, which appear to be necessary for PIDDosome activation. In addition, in the context of DNA damage, activation of the complex results from a p53‐dependent elevation of PIDD1 levels independently of centrosome amplification. We propose that PIDDosome activation can in both cases be promoted by an ANKRD26‐dependent local increase in PIDD1 concentration close to the centrosome. Collectively, these findings provide a paradigm for how centrosomes can contribute to cell fate determination by igniting a signalling cascade.
Eating is a multisensory behavior. The act of placing food in the mouth provides us with a variety of sensory information, including gustatory, olfactory, somatosensory, visual, and auditory. Evidence suggests altered eating behavior in obesity. Nonetheless, multisensory integration in obesity has been scantily investigated so far. Starting from this gap in the literature, we seek to provide the first comprehensive investigation of multisensory integration in obesity. Twenty male obese participants and twenty male healthy-weight participants took part in the study aimed at describing the multisensory temporal binding window (TBW). The TBW is defined as the range of stimulus onset asynchrony in which multiple sensory inputs have a high probability of being integrated. To investigate possible multisensory temporal processing deficits in obesity, we investigated performance in two multisensory audiovisual temporal tasks, namely simultaneity judgment and temporal order judgment. Results showed a wider TBW in obese participants as compared to healthy-weight controls. This holds true for both the simultaneity judgment and the temporal order judgment tasks. An explanatory hypothesis would regard the effect of metabolic alterations and low-grade inflammatory state, clinically observed in obesity, on the temporal organization of brain ongoing activity, which one of the neural mechanisms enabling multisensory integration.
Temporal encoding is a key feature in multisensory processing that leads to the integration versus segregation of perceived events over time. Whether or not two events presented at different offsets are perceived as simultaneous varies widely across the general population. Such tolerance to temporal delays is known as the temporal binding window (TBW). It has been recently suggested that individual oscillatory alpha frequency (IAF) peak may represent the electrophysiological correlate of TBW, with IAF also showing a wide variability in the general population (8–12 Hz). In our work, we directly tested this hypothesis by measuring each individual's TBW during a visuotactile simultaneity judgment task while concurrently recording their electrophysiological activity. We found that the individual's TBW significantly correlated with their left parietal IAF, such that faster IAF accounted for narrower TBW. Furthermore, we found that higher prestimulus alpha power measured over the same left parietal regions accounted for more veridical responses of non-simultaneity, which may be explained either by accuracy in perceptual simultaneity or, alternatively, in line with recent proposals by a shift in response bias from more conservative (high alpha power) to more liberal (low alpha power). We propose that the length of an alpha cycle constrains the temporal resolution within which perceptual processes take place.
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