Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), which consists of pathological preoccupations with defects in different body parts, has been systematically studied only in the last decade. We hypothesized that gender would differentially influence the localization of the preoccupations as well as the extent and type of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders. With the use of a specially constructed semistructured interview, we evaluated 58 consecutive outpatients with DSM-III-R BDD (women = 41.4%, men = 58.6%). Women had significantly more preoccupations with breast and legs, checking in the mirror and camouflaging, as well as lifetime comorbidity with panic, generalized anxiety, and bulimia. Men had significantly higher preoccupations with genitals, height, excessive body hair, as well as higher lifetime comorbidity with bipolar disorder. Although BDD is almost never found without comorbidity, it does appear to be an autonomous syndrome, and gender tends to influence the nature and extent of this comorbidity.

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Dysmorphophobia (body dysmorphic disorder), defined as a preoccupation with an imaginary or minimal defect in appearance, has been known for more than a century but has received relatively little empirical study. The authors investigated the demographics, phenomenology, course, associated psychopathology and family history in a series of 58 patients (34 men and 24 women) with the disorder. The patients were assessed with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and two specially constructed instruments developed by the authors. The mean age at onset of body dysmorphic disorder was 17 (sd = 3.8) years and the average duration was 9 (sd = 5.3) years. The most common preoccupations were defects of the face, nose, genitals and legs. Seventy-nine percent of the patients reported excessive mirror checking and 53% reported attempts to camouflage their 'deformities'. As a result of their symptoms, 89.6% avoided the usual social activities, 51.7% showed an impairment of their academic or job performance, 45% experienced suicidal ideation and 36% showed aggressive behaviour. Seventy-two percent of the patients had an associated lifetime diagnosis of a major mood disorder and 74% of an anxiety disorder. Body dysmorphic disorder has a generally chronic course, causes considerable distress and a serious impairment in many areas, and shows strong links with mood and obsessive-compulsive disorders.

Among endosymbiotic bacterial lineages, few are as intensely studied as Rickettsiales , which include the causative agents of spotted fever, typhus, and anaplasmosis. However, an important subgroup called “ Candidatus Midichloriaceae” receives little attention despite accounting for a third of the diversity of Rickettsiales and harboring a wide range of bacteria with unique features, like the ability to infect mitochondria.