Plant diseases cause losses of approximately 16% globally. Thus, management measures must be implemented to mitigate losses and guarantee food production. In addition to traditional management measures, induced resistance and biological control have gained ground in agriculture due to their enormous potential. Endophytic fungi internally colonize plant tissues and have the potential to act as control agents, such as biological agents or elicitors in the process of induced resistance and in attenuating abiotic stresses. In this review, we list the mode of action of this group of microorganisms which can act in controlling plant diseases and describe several examples in which endophytes were able to reduce the damage caused by pathogens and adverse conditions. This is due to their arsenal of molecules generated during the interaction by which they form a kind of biological shield in the plant. Furthermore, considering that endophytic fungi can be an important tool in managing for biotic and abiotic stresses due to the large amount of biologically active substances produced, bioprospecting this class of microorganisms is tending to increase and generate valuable products for agriculture.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de tratamientos de boro edáfico y frecuencia del calcio foliar en floración, sobre la producción y ocurrencia de la pudrición apical de híbridos de tomate italiano, cultivados en el sistema convencional en dos temporadas de cultivo. Se realizaron dos experimentos en el área experimental perteneciente a la Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus de Frederico Westphalen (Brasil), en los años 2012 y 2013. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar con un arreglo factorial 2×2×3×3 cuyo factores fueron dos híbridos (San Vito y Neptuno), en dos épocas de cultivo (primavera-verano y verano-otoño), tres dosis de boro (0; 2,0 y 4,0 g/planta) y tres frecuencias de aplicación de calcio (ausencia de aplicación, aplicación semanal y quincenal) y cuatro repeticiones. El trasplante de plántulas se realizó el día 04 de septiembre de 2012 para la primavera-verano y el 26 de enero para el verano-otoño. El híbrido Neptuno es más productivo en comparación con el híbrido San Vito, pero más susceptible a la pudrición apical. Las dos épocas de cultivo pueden ser recomendadas para el cultivo del tomate italiano en Rio Grande do Sul, aunque el cultivo de primavera-verano presenta mayor productividad cuando se compara al verano-otoño. La frecuencia de aplicación quincenal de CaCl2 al 0,6% se constituye en la mejor opción de manejo de fertilización, en el sentido de obtener mayor productividad y menor número de frutos con incidencia de pudrición apical. El incremento de la dosis de boro condiciona mayor número de frutos por planta y aumento de la productividad.
To obtain the best productive performances strawberry plants require an accumulation of cold hours which varies by cultivar; this project evaluated phyllochron, the quality and fruit production from vernalized and non-vernalized seedlings of the strawberry cultivars Albion and Camarosa. The treatments consisted of seedling vernalized before planting for 200 cold hours in a cold chamber with temperatures 4.0 ºC. Seedlings in the control treatments were not vernalized and were transplanted directly after arrival. Phyllochron was evaluated (estimated by the inverse of the angular coefficient of the linear regression between the number of leaves in the main crown and the sum of thermal time accumulated for each transplanted seedling), in addition to production parameters (number of commercial fruits, number of non-commercial fruits, production of commercial and non-commercial fruits); and fruit quality (titratable acidity, total soluble solids and ratio titratable acidity/total soluble solids). The exposure of strawberry seedlings to vernalization treatments significantly affected productivity but did not affect leaf emission rates or quality of fruits, although these factors were different among cultivars. Camarosa showed greater leaf emission rates and higher productivity per plant and lower titratable acidity than Albion which may be related to genotypic acclimatization. Seedling vernalization is recommended because it results in greater fruit production. The cultivar with higher fruit production is Camarosa.
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