Esta investigación ha sido financiada a la primera autora por el Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico del Gobierno de Chile (FONDECYT N° 11100141).La correspondencia relativa a este artículo debe ser dirigida a Mónica Guzmán, Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avda. Angamos 0610, Antofagasta, Chile. E-mail: moguzman@ucn.cl Estilos de Apego y Dificultades de Regulación Emocional en Estudiantes Universitarios Attachment Styles and Emotional Regulation Difficulties Among University StudentsMónica Guzmán-González, Natalia Carrasco, Paulina Figueroa, Caterina Trabucco y Daniela Vilca Universidad Católica del NorteEl objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los estilos de apego y las dificultades en la regulación emocional (DRE) en una muestra intencionada de 548 estudiantes universitarios de 4 universidades de Antofagasta, Chile. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el cuestionario de Experiencias en Relaciones Cercanas (ECR-E) y la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulación Emocional (DERS-E). Mediante un análisis multivariado de la varianza y contrastes post hoc se desprende que existen diferencias en las DRE en función de los estilos de apego. Específicamente, quienes poseen estilos de apego seguro presentaron niveles más bajos de confusión emocional que quienes poseen estilos inseguros; asimismo, evidenciaron menores niveles de descontrol, rechazo emocional e interferencia cotidiana que quienes poseen patrones preocupados y temerosos; sin embargo, no difirieron en estas dificultades de quienes poseen apego desentendido. Además, los mayores niveles de desatención y confusión emocional se detectaron en los individuos con apego desentendido y temeroso. Finalmente, quienes poseen estilos de apego preocupado y temeroso evidenciaron mayor rechazo emocional e interferencia cotidiana. Se discuten las implicancias de explicar las DRE desde el marco de la teoría del apego. Palabras clave: estilos de apego, regulación emocional, estudiantes universitarios, ChileThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between attachment styles and emotion regulation difficulties in a purposive sample of 548 undergraduate students attending 4 universities in Antofagasta, Chile. The instruments used were the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR-E) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-E). The results of multivariate analysis of variance and post hoc contrasts reveal statistically significant differences in emotion regulation difficulties according to attachment styles. Specifically, subjects with secure attachment styles had lower levels of confusion than those with insecure styles; moreover, they manifested lower levels of lack of control, emotional rejection, and daily interference than individuals with preoccupied and fearful styles; however, they did not differ from those with dismissive styles. In addition, the highest levels of lack of emotional awareness and emotional confusion were detected among individuals with dismissive and fearful attachment styles. ...
Variability in parents’ socialization of gender across countries has been understudied. To address the gap, this study compares U.S. and Chilean mothers’ practices in socialization of gender through use of mental state language. Drawing on 90 Chilean and 52 U.S. mother–infant dyads, we examined variation in the frequencies of mothers’ utterances of five types of mental references—emotion, desire, physiological states, causal talk, and cognition—to determine whether they varied by country and infant gender. Infant age ranged between 10 and 15 months. The frequencies with which both U.S. and Chilean mothers in our sample talked about most mental references did not vary according to infant gender, with the exceptions of causal talk in the United States. Specifically, the U.S. mothers used more causal talk with girls than boys. There were more similarities than differences in maternal use of the mental references in the U.S. and Chilean samples. This study did not observe gendered socialization practices through the use of these mental references in infancy among the U.S. and Chilean mothers. Instead, the current study suggests that, using mothers’ mental references in the child’s first year as the indicator, both gender-neutral and cross-gendered socialization practices emerge in the United States, and only gender-neutral socialization practices emerge in Chile.
A pesar del creciente interés en el desarrollo socioemocional en la infancia temprana, escasas investigaciones han considerado el rol del lenguaje y del vocabulario que utilizan los niños tempranamente para referirse a las emociones, para tener un adecuado desarrollo socioafectivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la relación entre lenguaje y etiquetas emocionales con el desarrollo socioemocional en niños de 30 meses. La muestra no probabilística estuvo conformada por 84 niños y niñas de distinto nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y asistentes a jardines infantiles en Santiago, Chile. Se utilizaron las escalas de lenguaje y socioemocional de la Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III y una pauta para codificar etiquetas emocionales. Por medio de t de Student se realizaron análisis comparativos de las variables, según sexo y NSE. Los resultados indicaron que las niñas tienen un mejor desarrollo de lenguaje y que los niños de NSE medio/alto alcanzan un mejor desarrollo socioemocional y del lenguaje. Además, el lenguaje se relacionó con las etiquetas emocionales (r de Pearson). La única variable de estudio que predijo el desarrollo socioemocional fue el NSE. Palabras clave: lenguaje infantil, etiquetas emocionales, desarrollo socioemocional, infancia temprana, nivel socioeconómico Despite the growing interest in early childhood socioemotional development, few studies how the language and vocabulary that small children use to refer to emotions can help them to achieve an adequate socioemotional development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between language and emotional labeling with socioemotional development in 30-month-old children. The nonprobabilistic sample comprised 84 children from various socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds attending daycares in Santiago, Chile. The language and socialemotional scales of the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development III were used along with guidelines for coding emotional labels. Student's t-test was used to conduct comparative analyses of the variables considering sex and SES. Results indicate that girls achieve better language development and that mid/high SES children reach better socioemotional and language development. In addition, the language was found to be related to emotional labeling (Pearson's r). The only study variable that predicted socioemotional development was SES.
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