Napolitano S, Tursi D, Di Tore PA, Raiola G. Tactis-based water polo training. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol.8, No. Proc2, pp. S271-S282, 2013. Notational analysis quantifies the technical and tactical playing aspects of a game through game-related statistics based mainly on frequencies and effectiveness percentages (Lozovina et al., 2004). Several studies applied the notational analysis technique to water polo (Argudo et al., 2007; Hughes et al., 2006). This work concerns the assessment of tactical aspects in high performance water polo trough performance analysis. The analysis was conducted on 9 matches of the Italian Serie A1 Women's Water Polo played by Volturno. Tactical patterns suggested by the coach were compared with tactical patterns implemented during the game and to actions outcome, in order to acquire elements useful to create a codified tactic system. The results showed a positive correlation between the compliance of tactical patterns implemented during playing with patterns designed by the coach and the final outcome of the action. The data recruitment has been entrusted to the performance analysis, conducted by a team of performance analysts, coaches and statisticians. The video analysis of matches was conducted using the Dartfish TeamPro software. The measurement involved the following technical and tactical parameters: frequency of occurrence of actions, time duration, average number of players involved and passes, frequency of occurrence of turnovers, and frequency of occurrence of number, result, position and type of conclusions. The assessment of compliance for the tactical patterns has prescribed by the coach with the tactical patterns implemented in training session, based on previously determined parameters. The performance analysis was performed to evaluate parameters as frequency of occurrence of actions, time duration, number, result, position and type of shots in relation to tactical patterns, and an evaluation table was constructed by combining the Boolean evaluation of the coach on the compliance of patterns with the action final outcome. The results show a positive and statistically significant correlation coefficient between tactical compliance and action outcome. The result showed a significant correlation between the tactical patterns compliance and offensive effectiveness. This correlation confirmed the need of developing a common methodology for teaching and training water polo through tactics.
Tursi D, Napolitano S, Polidoro L, Raiola G. Video analysis as an instrument in juvenile soccer training.
Tursi D, Napolitano S, Di Tore PA, Raiola G. Arm stroke: a comparative analysis between competitive swimming and water polo athletes. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol.8, No. Proc2, pp. S314-S322, 2013. Water polo is a team sport and efforts of high intensity are made in less duration, where the players must swim, hyperextension, takes and send the ball with moments of rest or low intensity, where the players conduct battles against their opponents throughout contacts type (Smith, 1998;Wakayoshi, 1992). "Water polo consists of high intensity bursts of sprinting, interspersed with short periods of low to moderate intensity swimming". (Hohmann & Frase, 1992). In this perspective, swimming condition is obviously an important aspect of training for Water Polo. In swimming, conditioning training assumes a consistent role to achieve the better goals (Raiola et al., 2011). The arm stroke used in water polo is a lot shorter and quicker and is used primarily to protect the ball. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that training for water polo athletes is most proficiency when the sport activity is played always by the athletes with the ball, as the ball-handling does not adversely affect the timing. The hypothesis is that the ball-handling does not affect significantly swimming times swim in water polo athletes of high level. The purpose of the present study is to verify the incidence of ball handling in swimming intensity in water polo, in order to obtain useful indication in coaching. The research method is integrated and consists of action research for coach contribution by training and evaluation, and theoretical-argumentative to deduce a framework in which define the data processing. Eleven well-trained competitive athletes were recruited and asked to swim 5 x 20-m, one time with ball, and one time without ball.
The archery is a typically closed skill sport. It is a "closed skill" sport characterized by repetition, as precise as possible, of a movement already known automated. The aim is to evaluate the effects of motor imagery practice in training. The motor imagery is a cognitive process of mental simulation of actions in absence of movement. There are two methods to improve skills learning through motor imagery: in first person and In third person. The biological basis on which the motor imagery theory is founded, is formed by: mirror neurons. It is an experimental approach and it consists of two steps. Both groups were video taped in the execution of sport skills and evaluated, through a check list made by archery indicators: positioning phase, traction and aim, release and follow through in 4 level of descriptors by technicians every four months. A sample of archery team of children (9-11 years old) splitting in control and experimental groups, after a pre-assessment, performed by technicians, about technical skills through an evaluation grid prepared "ad hoc" on technical fundamentals taken into the study to form two homogeneous groups (Experimental group n = 10, control group n = 10). Experimental group using modeling video performed by a athletes of National Italian Archery Team could lead to significant changes in technical skills. Data recruit at starting, ongoing and final training program and their analysis, evaluation and comparison by control group show percentage of 9% better outcomes. particularly, at final training shows a minimum improvement 3.2% than ongoing phase that gives a maximum improvement 9.6%, while a substantial balance in the control group with a medium improvement of 3.2% in every phase of training program. In this study two basic aspects of the performance are examined: the motor execution and the motor imagine. Both share the same neuromotor mechanism: the motor imagery. Concerning the woman artistic gymnastics, it can be useful during the training and the race. So providing the athletes and trainers of a means which uses the motor imagery as a possible application for the improvement of the performance. So in conclusion, the study aims to provide a standard training feasible on a large scale to train the cognitive and physical abilities of an athlete and provide a support tool in the race in order to improve performance, optimize time and to reduce the margin of error.
Napolitano S, Tursi D, Raiola G. Water polo women's pattern tactical experience of an italian team. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol.8, No. Proc3, pp. S660-S670, 2013. In water polo lacks a codified methodology for tactics training, which is thus only left to coach's discretion. Nine women water polo matches, during season 2011/2012 (Italian female Serie A1), have been analyzed by a water polo coach, helped by a statistician and a performance analyst. Purpose of the analysis process was to identify single events during the matches, to examine the tactical pattern implemented in this events, to obtain by the coach an evaluation on tactical pattern compliance and then to put this compliance in relation to event's outcome. Aim of the work is to verify the efficacy of different attack patterns, when they were well-performed, in order to create a codified methodology for teaching water polo through tactics. The research approach is integrated and consists of 3 distinct methods: case study (9 matches of the Italian Serie A1 Women's Championship, season 2011/2012, played by the Volturno sc) for the analysis of matches, action research method for coach contribution, and theoretical-argumentative method to deduce a theoretical framework in which define the data processing. The research team examined matches with Dartfish TeamPro, isolating single keyframes relative to attack events, identifying the implemented attack pattern, then the coach expressed an evaluation on attack pattern compliance. The results showed a general efficacy of tactical patterns (when they are well performed), but showed significant differences within correlation coefficients of single patterns, confirming the need for developing a common methodology for teaching water polo through tactics.
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