This study evaluated the correlation between benzene in urine and in workplace air at low airborne benzene levels (below 1 ppm). Eleven workers were monitored over a period of 1-4 days at a petrochemical plant in Italy; samples of end-of-shift urine and workplace air were analyzed for benzene. A significant correlation, with a coefficient of determination R(2)=0.63, was found between urine and airborne benzene, confirming the results of previous studies. Two different statistical models were utilized to estimate urine benzene values of 9-16 microg/L corresponding to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.5 ppm in workplace air. Not withstanding the variability inherent to biological monitoring, the results suggest application of biomonitoring as a trigger for identification of lower exposure level below, but approaching the TLV. Additionally, the proposed benzene biomonitoring may be useful in evaluating PPE effectiveness and use characteristics as well as dermal contribution to total exposure.
RESUMEN: Las redes sociales se han convertido en una importante herramienta de formación de imagen y para posicionar los destinos turísticos. El objetivo de este estudio es entender el uso de las redes sociales para el posicionamiento de un sitio por estos medios en los visitantes del día, es decir, aquellos que no pernoctan en el lugar visitado. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, para el que se eligió la ciudad de Guararema, en São Paulo, Brasil, con triangulación de datos basada en a) el análisis del contenido de 11 cuentas de redes sociales, b) periódicos especializados, c) entrevistas en profundidad con visitantes, y d) contenido del websitio y el plan rector de turismo de la ciudad. Como resultado se ha descubierto que en este destino hay un posicionamiento claro para los visitantes del día, interesados en paisajes naturales y gastronomía. El posicionamiento es consistente con las imágenes que se ven en las redes. Las redes sociales y la prensa tienden a generar conjuntamente visitas, generando un ciclo.
This study evaluated the correlation between benzene in urine and in workplace air at low airborne benzene levels (below 1 ppm). Eleven workers were monitored over a period of 1-4 days at a petrochemical plant in Italy; samples of end-of-shift urine and workplace air were analyzed for benzene. A significant correlation, with a coefficient of determination R(2)=0.63, was found between urine and airborne benzene, confirming the results of previous studies. Two different statistical models were utilized to estimate urine benzene values of 9-16 microg/L corresponding to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.5 ppm in workplace air. Not withstanding the variability inherent to biological monitoring, the results suggest application of biomonitoring as a trigger for identification of lower exposure level below, but approaching the TLV. Additionally, the proposed benzene biomonitoring may be useful in evaluating PPE effectiveness and use characteristics as well as dermal contribution to total exposure.
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