Both SSB consumption and ASB consumption were associated with increased T2D risk. We cannot rule out that factors other than ASB consumption that we did not control for are responsible for the association with diabetes, and randomized trials are required to prove a causal link between ASB consumption and T2D.

Diabetes treatment leads to elevated costs both to Brazilian Public Health Care System and society. Costs increased along with duration of disease, level of care and presence of chronic complications, which suggested a need to reallocate health resources focusing on primary prevention of diabetes and its complications.

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has increased rapidly and is expected to increase even further. In Latin America countries there is an upward trend among the younger age groups, with a major negative impact on the quality of life and burden of the disease for the health care system. Increasing rates of overweight and obesity associated with lifestyle changes and aging of the population are the main contributing factors to the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Dietary shifts in the Brazilian population (low frequency of fiber-rich foods and heavy consumption of saturated fatty acids and sugars) and sedentary lifestyle are the main risk factors for obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Diabetes prevention programs are being promoted in several countries with results showing improvement in quality of life.

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, non-diabetic) into two groups: nutrition counselling and control. Each subject in the intervention group received three individualised nutritional counselling sessions during the first 6 months aimed at increasing intakes of fruits, vegetables and olive oil, reducing saturated fat and improving physical activity. Body composition, biochemical indicators and lifestyle were assessed at baseline and at 6 months and 1 year in both groups. Results: After 6 months of follow-up, body weight, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and saturated fat, and dietary energy and cholesterol levels showed a more significant decrease among subjects in the intervention group than in the control group (P , 0.05). Moreover, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvement in each intervention goal, such as reduced intake of saturated fat and increased intakes of fruits, vegetables, fibre and olive oil (P , 0.05). After 12 months of follow-up, most of the outcomes were maintained. Conclusions: The low-cost nutritional intervention programme improved serum lipids profile and weight control, and appeared to be feasible for use at a primary healthcare centre in a developing country.

Our data support an inverse association between coffee consumption and diabetes and suggest that the time of drinking coffee plays a distinct role in glucose metabolism.

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Objective: To evaluate the ability of an FFQ, designed for use in Brazilian pregnant women, to estimate nutrient intakes during pregnancy. Design: A prospective study was conducted among 103 pregnant women attended by the Brazilian national health-care service. Food intake during pregnancy was evaluated by three 24 h dietary recalls (24hR), one per trimester of pregnancy, and also by two FFQ. The FFQ with eighty-five food items included questions about frequency of intake and portion sizes during two periods: the first 24 weeks of pregnancy and the pregnancy period as a whole. Deattenuated Pearson's correlation coefficients and joint classification into quartiles of nutrient intake were applied. Setting: Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. Subjects: One hundred and three pregnant women, aged 18-35 years. Results: Acceptable correlation coefficients (r . 0?35) were found for Ca, K, Zn, Mg, fibre, vitamin C, niacin and folic acid for intake for the first 24 weeks; and for energy, lipids, protein, carbohydrate, Fe, K, Zn, fibre, vitamin B 6 , riboflavin and niacin for the gestational period as a whole. A high proportion of study participants ($70 %) were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles for estimated energy, carbohydrate, Ca, K, fibre, Zn, cholesterol, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E and folic acid. Gross misclassification ranged from 2?3 % (dietary fibre) to 12?5 % (vitamin A, thiamin and SFA). Conclusions: The FFQ is a useful tool for assessing categories of nutrient intake during pregnancy, since a high proportion of women were classified into the same or adjacent quartiles. Keywords FFQ Pregnant women Validation studiesInadequate maternal diet is a relevant risk factor for complications during pregnancy (1,2) , impaired fetal development (3) and may also be linked to higher risk of chronic diseases during childhood (4) and adult life (5) .The FFQ is a method widely used in epidemiological studies aimed at categorizing individuals into different levels of consumption and determining their relationships with health outcomes (6,7) . The FFQ's ability to assess dietary intake of pregnant women is due to the fact this method spans a longer time frame, thus allowing the detection of changes in dietary intake during each trimester of pregnancy (8)(9)(10)(11) .Validation studies of FFQ for use in pregnant women have shown that nutrient estimates using this method exhibit high levels of agreement with intake estimates using the 24 h dietary recall (24hR) (12)(13)(14) or daily records (DR) (15,16) , suggesting a good accuracy of the FFQ for assessing dietary intake in this population group. Since 24hR and FFQ might have correlated errors, related to memory and estimation of portion size, the use of multiple DR or weighed records as the reference method is recommended. Nevertheless, when literacy or motivation of participants is low, the 24hR might be applied as the reference measure of nutrient intake (6) .In an earlier study, an FFQ was developed for use in pregnant women ...