Increased BMI was related to a lower risk of stroke in men. Abdominal obesity was associated with ischemic stroke in women. The impact of abdominal obesity on stroke risk differs by sex.
Introduction:Arterial ischemic stroke in newborns is an important cause of neonatal morbidity and
mortality. Its pathophysiology and associated risk factors are not yet clearly
understood and defined.Objective:The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate possible risk factors in
diagnosed cases of PAIS (perinatal arterial ischemic stroke).Materials and methods:Case–control study. Clinical data of patients with PAIS diagnosis were analyzed. Two
healthy controls were selected for each PAIS case, matched for gestational age. Risk
factors were explored using univariable and multivariable analysis.Outcome:40 patients were included in the study, 24 males and 16 females; 52.5% of cases were
diagnosed within the first month of birth, and 47.5% were retrospectively diagnosed. The
results showed a male predominance (66.7%). The distribution of cerebral ischemic injury
was predominantly medial cerebral artery (87.5%) and occurred more commonly in the left
cerebral hemisphere (62.5%). Significant risk factors in the univariate analysis (P <
0.05) were primiparity, stillbirth, neonatal sepsis, asphyxia, twin pregnancy, placenta
abruption, emergency cesarean section, Apgar score ≤7 after 5 min, breech presentation,
and hyperbilirubinemia. In the multivariate analysis, primiparity (OR 11.74; CI
3.28–42.02), emergency cesarean section (OR 13.79; CI 3.51–54.13), birth asphyxia (OR
40.55; CI 3.08–532.94) and Apgar score ≤7 after 5 min (OR 13.75; CI 1.03–364.03) were
significantly associated factors with PAIS. Only five (16.6%) patients had an abnormal
thrombophilia study.Conclusion:Risk factors of primiparity, emergency cesarean section, birth asphyxia, and Apgar
score ≤7 after 5 min were significantly associated with perinatal stroke. More studies
with a larger number of patients and with prolonged follow up are required to establish
more clearly the associated risk factors involved in this pathology.
Using a Conditional Difference in Difference procedure and data for Colombia, we determine if firms that receive subsidies to innovation in the period 2010-2016 present additionality on input, output, and behavioral innovation variables. We found that there are differences among the additionalities of small and medium firms (SMEs) and big firms, and the existence of a crowding-out effect for internal R&D expenditures in SMEs. At the same time, we found additionality on R&D employment for all types of firms and the presence of experience effects introduced by subsidies, especially for SMEs. These effects are related to positive additionalities. At the same time, we cannot find additionality effects on patents and trademarks. However, we found negative additionality on sales of big companies that we relate with the way we measure this variable.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.