The article studies the causes and consequences of manipulating the financial statements of companies, identifies the most influential drivers of fraudulent reporting actions by employees and business owners. This research aimed to examine the effect of fraud indicators in fraud pentagon theory against the detection of fraudulent financial reporting on manufacturing companies. Independent variables in this research were variable pressure proxy by financial stability, external pressure, and financial target, opportunity proxy by nature of the industry, rationalization proxy by total accrual, capability proxy by the change of directors, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management. The dependent variable was the fraudulent financial reporting proxy by fraud score. The sample of this research used 57 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Effect in 2013-2015. It is found that the result of the determination coefficient test shows an adjusted R2 value of 0.068, it means that the ability of the independent variable in explaining the variants of the dependent variable is still limited, which is 6.8%. The ANOVA test, which shows the possibility of using the regression model to predict the Fraudulent Financial Report, serves as the methodological tool of the study. It is determined that pressure with proxies of financial stability (current), external pressure (Lev), and financial target (ROA), opportunity with the nature of industry (receivable) proxy, and arrogance with managerial ownership (OM) proxy do not affect fraudulent financial reporting. The result of this research showed that rationalization variables proxy by the total accrual ratio and capability proxy by the change of directors had an influence on the fraudulent financial reporting. While the pressure variable proxy by financial stability measured with the current ratio, external pressure measured with leverage ratio, financial target measured with ROA, opportunity variable proxy by nature of industry variable measured with the change in inventory ratio, and arrogance proxy by ownership by management had no influence on financial statement fraud. The results obtained can be useful both for the management of the company and for regulatory authorities in terms of understanding the growth indicators of the financial statement fraud frequency and tools to minimize their impact. Keywords: fraud, fraud pentagon, fraudulent financial reporting, financial statement fraud, leverage ratio, managerial ownership and manufacturing sector.
The influence of entomopathogenic fungal strains -one Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok. and seven Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. on some main groups of soil microorganisms was studied after introduction of their conidia into the soil. The soil samples were analyzed for densities of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi by decimal dilutions of soil suspensions grown on selective media.The presence of conidia of fungal strains in the soil after a month from introduction was proved by bait method. Three of the strains of B. bassiana were established to be of the highest persistence, this being expressed by mortality of Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) larvae from 70% to 90%, followed by strains 224Re of B. bassiana and 31 of M. anisopliae.The obtained results showed that examined strains of the entomopathogenic fungi manifested different in manner and varying in degrees of impact on density of the main groups of soil microorganisms. Relatively insignificant changes were established under the influence of the strains 224Re B. bassiana and 31 M. anisopliae. The other strains of B. bassiana caused alterations in microbial balance expressed in different manner -stimulation or suppression on density of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, mineral nitrogen utilizing bacteria, spore-forming bacteria, cellulose degrading microorganisms, actinomycetes, soil fungi. So each strain could be characterized by specific impact on examined groups of soil microorganisms.The strain 412 of B. bassiana showed the most strongly manifested stimulation effect on the heterotrophic microorganisms, on the mineral nitrogen utilizing bacteria, on the free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and the soil fungi -14, 15, 7 and 30 times higher density of the microorganisms compared to the control treatments. The same strain caused high degree of suppression on densities of cellulose degrading microorganisms -0.0064 x 10 6 compared to 0.0305 x 10 6 CFU/g in the control treatment. Densities of the soil spore-forming bacteria were not affected by the examined strains of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. In the conducted experiments it has been established that the manifested impact on actinomycetes density by strains of the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae was different in manner and varying in degrees, on the contrary to the stimulation influence on density of the soil fungi.
The Dex-CSDH trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone for patients with a symptomatic chronic subdural haematoma. The trial commenced with an internal pilot, whose primary objective was to assess the feasibility of multi-centre recruitment. Primary outcome data collection and safety were also assessed, whilst maintaining blinding. We aimed to recruit 100 patients from United Kingdom Neurosurgical Units within 12 months. Trial participants were randomised to a 2-week course of dexamethasone or placebo in addition to receiving standard care (which could include surgery). The primary outcome measure of the trial is the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months. This pilot recruited ahead of target; 100 patients were recruited within nine months of commencement. 47% of screened patients consented to recruitment. The primary outcome measure was collected in 98% of patients. No safety concerns were raised by the independent data monitoring and ethics committee and only five patients were withdrawn from drug treatment. Pilot trial data can inform on the design and resource provision for substantive trials. This internal pilot was successful in determining recruitment feasibility. Excellent follow-up rates were achieved and exploratory outcome measures were added to increase the scientific value of the trial.
Abstract:Objective: This study is analyzing the role and significance of the three diagnostic methods (clinical diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy), in establishing accurate diagnosis in knee injuries. The goal is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of each diagnostic method, using arthroscopy as gold standard.Material and Methods: We examined 70 patients with knee injuries. Clinical diagnosis was established using patient's history and positive clinical tests for meniscal lesions, ACL injury and articular cartilage lesions. All patients underwent MRI on a 1.5 T magnet for MRI diagnosis. This was followed by arthroscopy for making the final diagnosis.Results: We analyzed the results of clinical tests for meniscal, ligamentous and articular cartilage injuries of the patients in both groups. Validity of the clinical tests was compared to the results got from MRI and arthroscopy. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis versus MRI diagnosis for medial(69.6% vs. 68.5%) and lateral (84% vs. 82.6%) meniscal lesions was almost identical. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis compared with the accuracy of MRI diagnosis for ACL injuries was higher (91.3% vs. 81.4%). Accuracy (85.5% vs. 72.8%) of clinical diagnosis versus MRI diagnosis for articular cartilage lesions was better.Conclusion: Affirmation of clinical diagnosis in this study is a result of usage of standard clinical signs and tests which are fundamental in establishing clinical diagnosis of knee injuries. MRI is a diagnostic method which enriches the diagnostic process. Arthroscopy is defined as superior diagnostic method, also a gold standard for comparison of the other two diagnostic methods.
The aim of this paper is to explore issues of investment presentation, financial instruments, earnings disclosure indicators and software aspects of accounting for multinational enterprises. The study is based on the public financial statements of the Solvay Group. The main approach is using two viewpoints – accounting view of financial information and IT view of financial information. The results of this study are useful for other multinational enterprises that prepare their financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards and use big data in accounting.
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