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It is a long-standing question whether the paraxial head mesoderm of vertebrate embryos is segmentally organized into somites like the trunk or not. On the one hand, no somites are seen in the anterior head mesoderm in vertebrate embryos, on the other hand, such a segmental pattern has been described under the name of somitomeres. In order to investigate the patterning of mesodermal cells in the head of avian embryos we performed scanning electron microscopy, computer assisted reconstructions of the head mesoderm and density analyses of head mesoderm cells. We observed regional differences within the head mesoderm of avian embryos, but we could not see a consistent somitomeric pattern in the head mesoderm. In sum, we consider that the avian head mesoderm is not arranged in a metameric pattern.

"Female genital circumcision" or "female genital mutilation", as it is called more often, is an operation that is primarily carried out in Africa. Owing to migration, physicians are increasingly confronted with this issue in Western countries as well. A range of negative effects may result from this operation and this article aims to address consequences for female pelvic health. Special emphasis is placed on urogynaecological health consequences; in particular, on "voiding difficulties", "recurrent urinary tract infections" and "vesicovaginal fistula". All of these occur mostly in infibulated women, i.e. in women whose genitalia are sealed by the most severe form of circumcision. Some of the problems that may emerge as a result of the operation can be resolved by defibulation (i.e. surgical reopening of the sealed vulva). Female genital circumcision is a sensitive topic even in the area of research and reliable data are therefore scarce.

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Introduction and hypothesisCondition-specific sexual questionnaires are essential for clinical trials and important patient-reported outcome measures. The aim of the study was to translate the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire–International Urogynecology Association Revised (PISQ-IR) into German and to clinically validate it in a German-speaking population.MethodsThe translated PISQ-IR was linguistically validated in two rounds of cognitive interviews. The final instrument was psychometrically validated in women presenting to urogynecological clinics with pelvic floor dysfunction. For analysis of criterion validity, three related self-reported measures were administered: the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Kings Health Questionnaire (KHQ), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). For external validity, PISQ-IR subscales were compared to the clinical-measures Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system (POP-Q) stage, pelvic floor muscle tone, and Oxford Grading Scale. Descriptive statistics, floor and ceiling effects, internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and Pearson correlations were calculated for all PISQ-IR subscales.ResultsThe PISQ-IR was completed by 197 women, out of whom 66 (33.5 %) considered themselves not sexually active (NSA) and 131 (66.5 %) as sexually active (SA). Participants’ mean age was 57 ± 12 years; 50 % were diagnosed with symptomatic POP, 74 % with urinary incontinence (UI) and 4 % with anal incontinence (AI). The PISQ-IR subscales were analyzed separately for SA and NSA women with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.64 to 0.94. Moderate to high correlations were observed between PISQ-IR subscales and related quality of life (QoL) scales and corresponding FSFI scales.ConclusionInitial testing of the German PISQ-IR suggests it is an internally consistent and valid tool for use in clinical practice and research.

Gynăkologie und Geburtshilfe an der Frauenklinik Wien Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschutzt. Die dadurch begrundeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Obersetzung, des Nachdruckes, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf photomechanischem oder ăhnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Handelsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen usw. in diesem Buch berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sin ne der Warenzeichen-und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wăren und daher von jedermann benutzt werden durfen. Produkthaftung: Sămtliche Angaben in diesem Fachbuch erfolgen trotz sorgfăltiger Bearbeitung und Kontrolle ohne Gewăhr. Insbesondere Angaben uber Dosierungsanweisungen und Applikationsformen mussen vom jeweiligen Anwender im Einzelfall an hand anderer Literaturstellen auf ihre Richtigkeit uberpruft werden. Eine Haftung der Autoren oder des Verlages aus dem Inhalt dieses Werkes ist ausgeschlossen.

We regard the results of this survey as a basis for further quality management strategies in the field of urogynecology in Austria.