The description of the physical parameters characterizing heat transport in the soil medium, especially on a regional scale, requires long-term and high frequency observations of temperature changes in soil profiles. This paper presents a project for a multi-channel, modular and universal data logger for temperature distribution data collecting in the soil profile, based on open electronic components, such as Arduino microcontroller systems and DS18B20 thermometers. The data logger tests were carried out in two profiles. The seven-month tests did not show any errors in the functioning of the measurement set. The presented device requires an average current of 320 µA, which allows for its stable operation on one battery set for about 300 days in temperate climate conditions. The DS18B20 thermometers allow for accurate and stable temperature measurement (the mean absolute error after laboratory calibration was 0.02°C). The cost of a single measurement-registration device was approximately 76 EUR, representing a competitive price in comparison with commercial data loggers. This allows, with relatively low expenditure, the creation of extensive observation networks for the analysis of the heat flow process in high temporal and spatial resolution.
Located on the northern Vietnam onshore/offshore transition, the Hoanh Bo Trough is an excellently exposed terrestrial Palaeogene sedimentary sequence that may be treated as an analogue for regional interpretations of the sedimentary and structural evolution of the northern Song Hong Basin. The Hoanh Bo Trough lies to the north of the northern Song Hong Basin and to the west of the Beibuwan Basin, the origin and evolution of which are linked with Palaeogene South China Sea rifting. Field and archival well sedimentological observations were made throughout the Palaeogene succession of the Hoanh Bo Trough, and samples were collected for palynological, petrographical, and geochemical analysis. Based on the coexistence of particular lithofacies, proximal alluvial fan, distal alluvial fan, fluvial alluvial plain with channels, alluvial plain and/or lake margin, and lacustrine facies associations were distinguished. Palynological analyses suggest the sedimentary infill of the Hoanh Bo Trough is of the Late Eocene-Early Oligocene age and was deposited in a very warm tropical/subtropical climate. In turn, geochemical results demonstrate that the deposits have intermediate chemical maturity and were probably reworked from older sedimentary rock sources. Moreover, it is suggested to combine the Dong Ho and Tieu Giao formations and synonymize them as the Dong Ho Formation. The sedimentary pattern, age, climatic conditions, and structural evolution of the Hoanh Bo Trough align well with the rift initiation, rift development, and rift termination tectonic system tracts. Moreover, the Hoanh Bo Trough could be treated as a landward keyhole for the offshore basins: for instance, the Kien An Basin in the northern Song
We de scribe a method of cal cu lat ing one of the ba sic phe nom ena in flu enced by ground wa ter re charge, namely evapotranspiration (ET). The Op er a tional Sim pli fied Sur face En ergy Bal ance (SSEBop) al go rithm was ap plied to cal cu late ac tual evapotranspiration (ET a), be ing mod i fied to in clude spatiotemporal changes of sub strate hu mid ity and so re ferred to as mSSSEBop. Cal cu la tions were per formed within the Szkwa and Rozoga River catch ments (NE Po land). Quan ti ta tive ET a as sess ment was based on the anal y sis of Land sat sat el lite im ages, hydro meteoro logi cal and hydrogeological data. The results ob tained for the orig i nal SSEBop al go rithm and the mod i fied mSSEBop one were com pared with the wa ter bal ance and data from a MOD16A2 dataset. The cal cu lated wa ter bal ance gave ET a val ues close to re sults us ing mSSEBop (with dif ferences of 9-54 mm/year). In the case of the orig i nal al go rithm, dif fer ences were in range of 42-218 mm/year. When compared with MOD16A2 data, the dif fer ences were within the range of-16.7 to 23.2 mm/8 days, with the mSSEBop al go rithm giv ing on av er age lower ET a sums (~14%) than MOD16A2 while SSEBop gave re sults higher than MOD16A2 by ~12%. The stud ies per formed in di cate that the method pre sented, us ing sat el lite data, gives a re li able, spa tial and tem po ral ET a as sessment for the mid lat i tudes.
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