RESUMO: O uso de produtos naturais como matéria-prima para a síntese de fármacos tem sido amplamente relatado ao longo do tempo. Os flavonoides, sem dúvida, são um importante grupo dentre os produtos naturais, que vem ganhando interesse especial devido apresentarem inúmeras atividades farmacológicas. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em abordar, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, algumas das principais atividades farmacológicas dos flavonoides como: atividade antiviral, antitumoral, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, e atividade hormonal e analisar os mecanismos de ação dessas substâncias. Palavras-chave: Flavonoides; Metabólitos secundários; Atividades farmacológicas. Pharmacological activities of flavonoids: a review study ABSTRACT:The use of natural products as a raw material for drug synthesis has been widely reported over time. Flavonoids, undoubtedly, are an important group among natural products, which is gaining special interest due to numerous pharmacological activities. The objective of this study was to approach, through bibliographic research, some of the main pharmacological activities of flavonoids such as antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hormonal activities and to analyze the mechanisms of action these substances.
Background:This study assessed the extraction efficiency of ursolic (UA) and oleanolic acids (OA), as well as the total phenols in aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of dry apple peels at room temperature.Materials and Methods:After running preliminary assays on decoctions and tinctures (ethanol: water 7:3 v/v), the extracts from dried apple (cv. Fuji) peels were obtained by static maceration over varied intervals (2 to 180 days). The UA and OA content in the extracts was quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) with a reversed phase column and isocratic elution (CH3CN/H2O/H3PO4) against calibration curves (R2 > 0.9995). The total phenol content in the extracts was evaluated spectrophotometrically at 760 nm using the Folin-Ciocalteau method referencing gallic acid.Results:UA and OA in the hydroethanolic extracts ranged from 3.63-6.12 mg/g and 2.12-3.30 mg/g, corresponding to 1.72-3.07 and 1.00-1.66 mg/g in the raw material, respectively. Higher values of triterpene acid content corresponded to maceration periods of 10 or 30 days. The residual phenol and polyphenol content ranged from 6.97 to 11.6 mg/g. The UA and OA yields, as well as the total phenol content, versus the maceration time were plotted in Control Charts within confidence intervals (95%) and were unaffected during the assayed period.Conclusion:Apple peel tinctures from 10% solids obtained at room temperature exhibited the highest content of triterpene acids when employing a maceration period of 10 to 30 days. Extracts prepared using this procedure contained an average of 7.33 mg/g of total triterpene acids and 10.6 mg/g phenolic compounds. These results establish supporting data for apple peel tinctures and their derived phytopharmaceuticals that are standardized on the ursolic-oleanolic acid content.
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