Objectives Elafin, an endogenous serine protease inhibitor, modulates colonic inflammation. We investigated the role of elafin in celiac disease (CD) using human small intestinal tissues and in vitro assays of gliadin deamidation. We also investigated potential beneficial effects of elafin in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity. Methods Epithelial elafin expression in the small intestine of patients with active CD, treated CD and controls without CD was determined by immunofluorescence. Interaction of elafin with human tissue transglutaminase-2 (TG-2) was investigated in vitro. The 33-mer peptide, a highly immunogenic gliadin peptide, was incubated with TG-2 and elafin at different concentrations. The degree of deamidation of the 33-mer peptide was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Elafin was delivered to the intestine of gluten-sensitive mice using a recombinant Lactococcus lactis vector. Small intestinal barrier function, inflammation, proteolytic activity, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression were assessed. Results Elafin expression in the small intestinal epithelium was lower in patients with active CD compared to control patients. In vitro, elafin significantly slowed the kinetics of the deamidation of the 33-mer peptide to its more immunogenic form. Treatment of gluten-sensitive mice with elafin delivered by the L. lactis vector normalized inflammation, improved permeability and maintained ZO-1 expression. Conclusions The decreased elafin expression in small intestine of patients with active CD, the reduction of 33-mer peptide deamidation by elafin, coupled to the barrier enhancing and anti-inflammatory effects observed in gluten sensitive mice, suggest this molecule may have pathophysiological and therapeutic importance in gluten-related disorders.

Matravadia S, Martino VB, Sinclair D, Mutch DM, Holloway GP. Exercise training increases the expression and nuclear localization of mRNA destabilizing proteins in skeletal muscle.