Gastric extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MZL-MALT) is speculated to be immune mediated and is notable for responding to treatment by Helicobacter pylori eradication. However, the gastric MZL-MALT with t(11;18)(q21;q21) has been shown to be resistant to treatment by H. pylori eradication. We studied the molecular, immunohistochemical, and histological aspects of 48 cases of gastric MZL-MALT and used a reverse transcription real-time PCR assay to assess the presence of a t(11;18)(q21;q21) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Florescence in situ hybridization for t(11:18)(q21;q21) was used to confirm the real-time PCR results. Three distinct morphological subtypes were recognized: monocytoid, small lymphocytic, and plasmacytoid. Morphology, immunophenotype, and immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement were correlated with the results of the t(11:18)(q21;q21) assay. Of the 48 analyzed cases, 15 (31%) were positive for t(11;18)(q21;q21) and 33 (69%) were monoclonal for IgH gene rearrangement. Of the 15, 13 (87%) cases with t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation showed IgH gene rearrangement by PCR. Of the 33 t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative cases tested, 20 cases (61%) showed IgH gene rearrangement. The 15 t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation-positive cases had either monocytoid (12 of 15) or small lymphocytic morphology (3 of 15). Aberrant expression of CD43 was observed in 8 of 15 (53%) t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive cases and 21 of 31 (68%) t(11;18)(q21;q21)-negative cases. Our data show that t(11;18)(q21;q21)-positive MZL-MALTs frequently show monocytoid morphology, less often small lymphocytic morphology, and not purely plasmacytoid morphology. Identification of a t(11;18)(q21;q21) by reverse transcription real-time PCR is highly specific for MZL-MALT and helps in the diagnosis of MZL-MALT. Studying the correlation between this translocation and morphological features may increase our understanding of the role of this translocation in the pathogenesis and the clinical behavior of gastric MZL-MALT.
How individuals conceptualize their accountability related to digital technology. There may also be age-based vulnerabilities resulting from personal perceptions about the importance of engaging in best-practices. However, age may not be as critical as experience when it comes to implementation of these behaviors. Using the Cybersecurity Behaviors subscale of the Online Security Behaviors and Beliefs Questionnaire (OSBBQ), this study compared the self-reported cybersecurity attitudes and behaviors across college-aged individuals from Generation Y and Generation Z. Data were derived from a convenience sample of predominantly African-American and Caucasian respondents (N=593) recruited from two public universities in Virginia, USA. Four of the eight OSBBQ subscale items demonstrated significant differences between Generation Y and Generation Z adults. Generation Y adults reported greater reviewing of privacy policies on social media, maintenance of antivirus updates, watching for unusual computer performance, and acting on malware alerts, but no significant differences on the other items. It is reasonable to assume that the observed elevated scores were accompanied by greater individual knowledge of information security simply because of being older as a cohort, suggesting that the group was also more experienced and less likely to perceive themselves as invulnerable to online victimization.
The Instagram and Well-Being Questionnaire (IWBQ) is a 19-item self-report inventory that assesses Instagram and social media use. Item 14 of the measure contains 40 subitems specifically assessing reasons for use. Prior research in Australia regarding Item 14 specifically revealed a three-factor structure: (a) sense of belonging, (b) self-expression, and (c) documentation/curation. This study sought to assess the goodness of fit for this factor structure in a sample of undergraduate college students from the United States. Data were collected from 735 students at two public universities in Southeastern Virginia; 520 of whom were retained for the analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis using the mean and variance-adjusted weighted least squares method was conducted using Mplus 8.1 to assess goodness of model fit. The three-factor model failed to meet criteria for exact or approximate model fit: v 2 (87) = 1542.82, p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation = 0.19, 95 percent confidence interval = 0.18-0.20; comparative fit index = 0.77; Tucker/Lewis index = 0.73. Follow-up exploratory analyses were conducted to assess the model fit after partitioning the sample based on racial identity (African American and Caucasian) to explore this potential sociocultural confound. In both cases, the model did not demonstrate goodness of fit. These results indicate that global crosscultural differences may impact the reasons why individuals use Instagram, meaning the same model may not maintain reliable fit across cultures.
Objective Common methodologies for treating depressive symptoms have demonstrated decreased efficacy among individuals with impaired cognitive functioning. While transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been approved to treat major depressive disorder, few studies have analyzed the ability of TMS to treat depressive symptoms among individuals with cognitive impairments. The present study had two objectives: to determine whether low-frequency TMS (LF-TMS) might demonstrate efficacy in treating depressive symptoms among individuals with impaired cognitive functioning; and to determine whether LF-TMS might improve neurocognitive functioning above and beyond depressive symptom improvements. Methods Data were derived from a pre-existing database at Eastern Virginia Medical School. Fifty-three (N=53) participants completed LF-TMS treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and CNS Vital Signs (CNS-VS) neurocognitive assessment were administered at multiple time points throughout treatment. Participants were classified as impaired cognitive functioning or average cognitive functioning based on baseline CNS-VS scores. Data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) measures-within-persons longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) with time-varying covariates. Results LF-TMS produced significant reductions in depressive symptoms for individuals in both cognitive functioning groups; however, a significant group-by-time interaction indicates differential effects between these two groups. Low-frequency TMS produced significant improvements in three neurocognitive domains above and beyond improvements in depressive symptoms; however, the reliability of these changes may be questionable. Conclusions This study adds to the growing body of empirical findings for LF-TMS treatment in improving neurocognitive functioning above and beyond other treatment-related effects.
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