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We report observations of an interference between optical transition amplitudes for linear and nonlinear excitation of the mercury 65 ] So-* 6p ] P\ transition. The transition probability is varied sinusoidally by changing the relative phase of the two fields inducing these distinct processes.

We have measured asymmetric photoelectron angular distributions for atomic rubidium. Ionization is induced by a one-photon interaction with 280 nm light and by a two-photon interaction with 560 nm light. Interference between the even-and odd-parity free-electron wave functions allows us to control the direction of maximum electron flux by varying the relative phase of the two laser fields. PACS numbers: 32.80.Fb, 32.80.Rm Interferences between different optical interactions involving the same initial and final states have attracted a great deal of attention lately. We showed previously [1] the variation of atomic excitation probability in mercury with the relative phase of the fields when a laser field and its third harmonic were focused into a mercury vapor cell. The interfering interactions have also been demonstrated in the total ionization rate in a molecular system, HC1, by Park, Lu, and Gordon [2]. We have also demonstrated the effect of phase and amplitude variations of focused beams on the interference measurements [3]. Muller et al. [4] exploited the interfering interactions as a probe of above threshold ionization (ATI) effects in atomic krypton using an electron detector sensitive to electrons ejected only in the direction of the laser polarization. Calculations of this interference effect for high-intensity fields have been reported [5,6]. Similar results involving oneand two-photon absorption by a photocathode were reported by Baranova et al. [7,8]. These authors have recently extended their technique to an atomic system [9], and report interference for two-photon versus one-photon ionization of the 4s state of atomic sodium. Secondharmonic generation in optical fibers has been attributed [10] to the asymmetry reported in this Letter as well.In this Letter we will discuss our observations of asymmetric photoelectron angular distributions in rubidium resulting from this type of interference. To induce this asymmetry, we generate a laser field consisting of two frequencies, one an ultraviolet field capable of photoionizing the atom through the absorption of a single photon, and the second a visible field for which the absorption of two photons is required for photoionization. The frequency of the first field is precisely twice that of the second. The continuum state produced upon interaction of the atom with this field can be expressed as a coherent combination of even-parity states (eS and sD) and an oddparity state (eP), and is, therefore, neither symmetric nor antisymmetric. In effect, it is the asymmetry of the field which leads to an asymmetric photoelectron angular distribution. Varying the relative phase and amplitude of the two field components changes the observed asymmetry of the photoelectron angular distribution. Our results clearly show that the photoelectron fluxes in opposite directions are anticorrelated. The magnitude of the asymmetry is as large as 4:1. In this Letter, we will first present a simple theory of the asymmetry based on perturbation theory, then discuss our experiment...

Technological advances in the design and construction of the AMS 800 have dramatically decreased the reoperation and failure rates. These advances and improved surgical techniques provide an excellent long-term solution and increased continence in correctly selected patients with urinary incontinence.

A pulsed crossed-beam technique incorporating time-of-flight spectroscopy which was recently developed in this laboratory has been applied to measurements of the cross sections for single and double ionisation of helium. Measurements over the unusually wide energy range from near threshold to 10 000 eV provide valuable checks on previous measurements based on different experimental approaches and an assessment of the range of validity of a number of theoretical predictions.

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