Economic conflict crimes are defined in this paper as violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as domestic law, associated with military and political conflict and producing significant monetary as well as other forms of suffering for civilians. Criminologists are well positioned by disciplinary emphasis to document and explain military and political violence resulting in economic conflict crimes. Criminal victimization associated with the US-led invasion of Iraq imposed an enormous toll on civilians. Yet there is little attention by criminologists or others to the profound economic costs to Iraqis, whether through lost property, life, or opportunities. We cautiously estimate that the economic losses for households in the city of Baghdad alone were almost US$100 billion, and more than three times this amount for the entire country, with Sunni groups experiencing significantly greater losses than others. So far as we know, our article presents the first estimates of civilian losses from economic conflict crimes that followed the US-led invasion of Iraq. These losses were widespread and systematic, the hallmarks of crimes against humanity.
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L'objectif de cette étude est triple: premièrement, définir les nombreux problèmes conceptuels dans la compréhension de la traite d´êtres humains, en particulier l'imprécision de la définition et le manque de données précises sur le phénomène; deuxièmement, lier ces questions à un examen attentif de l'évolution juridique de la traite comme étant liée à des mécanismes relatifs à l'esclavage, à la prostitution, aux infractions du travail et à la criminalité organisée, et, troisièmement, utiliser cette analyse comme base pour une série de recommandations pour la recherche mondiale et l'élaboration de politiques susceptibles d’aider la communauté internationale dans la prévention et la répression de la traite, un crime qui révèle des éléments troublants de notre monde en mutation rapide.
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