This analysis of data from the Displaced Workers Surveys suggests that between the periods 1983-87 and 1993-97, although the likelihood of involuntary job loss declined among most age groups, including older workers, it rose for middle-aged and older workers relative to younger workers. Three potential explanations for this shift the authors investigate are changes in educational attainment, changes in the relationship between education and displacement, and industry shifts that had adverse effects on older workers relative to younger workers. The results of the analysis indicate that the relative displacement rate among college graduates increased over time, but there were few significant changes in the relationship between displacement and education within or across age groups. The probability of displacement increased significantly for workers in service-related industries across all age groups. The results do not conclusively indicate why older workers' relative risk of displacement increased but do rule out several possibilities. n recent years, the media has devoted considerable attention to the effects of downsizing and corporate restructuring on workers, focusing particular attention on the plight of middle-aged, white-collar workers. For example, a cover story in Fortune noted that employers appear to be laying off older workers who were previously protected by their seniority and asked whether workers are now "finished at forty" (Munk 1999). Similarly, the media characterized the downturn in the early 1990s as much tougher than previous recessions on older workers and on white-collar workers, particularly mid-level managers (Labich 1993). Such anecdotal evidence suggests that the incidence of displacement may have increased over time among middle-aged and more educated workers.Previous research indicates that older workers are generally less likely to be displaced than are younger workers. Data from 1968 to 1992 indicate that the likelihood of involuntary job loss is generally lower among men aged 35 and older than The data and programs used to generate the results presented in this paper are available from Madeline
Labor force outcomes after an involuntary job loss tend to differ systematically between men and women, with women experiencing a lower probability of finding another job, a longer average duration of nonemployment, and larger losses in hours given reemployment. This study examines the role of family structure in such sex differences in postdisplacement outcomes. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics indicate that unmarried women have postdisplacement outcomes similar to men whereas married women's outcomes differ considerably from those of men. The presence of children in the household appears to partially account for sex differences in postdisplacement outcomes, with women with young children less likely to be reemployed and more likely to not be in the labor force than their childless counterparts and than men.JEL classification: J65, J63, J12
Smallholder farming offers few incentives to poorly resourced farmers so they will stay on the land and invest more labor in productivity. We data mined results from a comprehensive household survey to study the decision model about increasing farmers' enthusiasm. Farmers' enthusiasm is a positive voluntary behavior (LIIL, larger investments in labor) that can be described by a range of internal and external factors to the household. Here, we built an agent-based model of farmers' voluntary behavior for farmers from the Central Rift Valley region of Ethiopia. Each virtual agent (farmer) in the model was parameterized using the survey data. We conclude that it is better for the new higher productivity knowledge to improve productivity a single time with a large amount of progress than for it to improve productivity several times with small steps. However, the better strategy for investment in market efficiency is small steps of progress each year over a long time period. There are optimal strategies (integrating the two better strategies) to improve farmers' choice of voluntary LIIL behavior.
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