Two hundred seventeen college students rated a counselor on expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness as well as their willingness to see that particular counselor for a personal problem subsequent to viewing a 20-minute videotape of a simulated counseling session. The session ended with the counselor either summarizing the session, disclosing a past personal problem, disclosing a present personal problem, engaging in self-involving statements, or offering dynamic interpretations. Results showed that present self-disclosure, past self-disclosure, and self-involving statements were not viewed as significantly different from each other and were viewed as significantly more attractive than the summary and dynamic interpretation conditions. There were no significant differences for expertness or trustworthiness. Analysis of covariance showed that the raters were most willing to see the counselor when he ended the session with interpretations and least willing to see him when he ended the session with summary statements. Implications for variables involved in choosing a counselor are discussed.
Pattern of change in the therapeutic alliance across time-limited, 20-session individual psychotherapy was investigated with the procedure of hierarchical linear modeling (HIM) in two samples of 32 psychiatric outpatients, those with low and those with high quality of object relations (QOR). Significant (p < .05) variation in the pattern of change in the therapeutic alliance was found within each sample. For low-QOR patients, a direct
Community psychology can be seen as a vigorous, action-oriented movement. It is, however, still in the developmental stage characterized by the continued attempts to specify the goals and parameters of the field. The growing paraprofessional movement, shares similar origins to community psychology and appears to provide answers to some of the questions raised about the accomplishments of the practitioners of community psychology. Some of the stated goals of communit.y psychology are briefly reviewed and the paraprofessional movement is described in greater detail in an attempt to demonstrate the relationship between the accomplishments and trends of the paraprofemional movement and the goals espoused by community psychologists.The community psychology movement has, from its inception, been a pragmatic, action-oriented movement. It arose in response to serious concerns about the scope and quality of mental health services and delivery systems in this country. Because of this action-oriented, or "proactive" (Iscoe, 1974) orientation and because of the feeling that community psychologists possess a strong mandate, those involved in the community psychology movement have been very selfconscious of its direction and accomplishments. Ten years after the Boston Conference (1965) , community psychologists are still faced with such questions from their colleagues as Bla.u's :
The effectiveness of indigenous paraprofessional helpers is thought to be partially due to the similarity in style and values between then and their clients. However, there is a concern that as they gain experience in an agency, their identification may shift from the clients to the agency. Also, there is a question as to how effective paraprofessionals (selected due to their shared values with a target population) are with value-dissimilar clients. Truax and Carkhuff's scales of facilitative conditions as well as a technique functioning scale were used to assess the helping behavior of paraprofessional telephone counselors at three levels of experience in response to value-similar and value-dissimilar simulated calls. The results indicate that performance generally improved with training and experience and that instead of a uniform deterioration with dissimilar value calls, a complex relationship existed between performance, values, and experience level.
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