Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) aims to predict the status or consumption of domestic appliances in a household only by knowing the aggregated power load. NILM can be formulated as regression problem or most often as a classification problem. Most datasets gathered by smart meters allow to define naturally a regression problem, but the corresponding classification problem is a derived one, since it requires a conversion from the power signal to the status of each device by a thresholding method. We treat three different thresholding methods to perform this task, discussing their differences on various devices from the UK-DALE dataset. We analyze the performance of deep learning state-of-the-art architectures on both the regression and classification problems, introducing criteria to select the most convenient thresholding method.
Background
We estimated the association between the level of restriction in nine different fields of activity and SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility in Spain, from 15 September 2020 to 9 May 2021.
Methods
A stringency index (0 to 1) was created for mobility, social distancing, commerce, indoor and outdoor bars and restaurants, culture and leisure, worship and ceremonies, indoor and outdoor sports, for each Spanish province (n = 50) daily. The logarithmic return (LR) of the weekly percentage variation of the 7-days COVID-19 cumulative incidence was used to measure COVID-19 transmission, lagged 12 days behind the stringency index. A hierarchical multiplicative model was fitted, and the median of coefficients across provinces (with 95% bootstrap confidence intervals) was used to quantify the effect of increasing one standard deviation (1SD) in the stringency index in each field.
Results
Highest levels of restriction were seen in mobility, sports and restaurants, particularly indoors. The increase in restrictions overall reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission by 22% (RR = 0.78; one-sided 95%CI: 0,0.82) in one week, with highest effects for culture and leisure 14% (0.86; 0,0.98), social distancing 13% (0.87; 0,0.95), indoor restaurants 10% (0.90; 0,0.95) and indoor sports 6% (0.94; 0,0.98). In a reduced model with seven fields, culture and leisure no longer had a significant effect while ceremonies decreased transmission by 5% (0.95; 0,0.96). Models R2 was around 70%.
Conclusion
Increased restrictions decreased COVID-19 transmission. Limitations include remaining collinearity between fields, and somewhat artificial quantification of qualitative restrictions, so the exact attribution of the effect to specific areas must be done with caution.
O tema desse estudo é o processo de africanização de objetos devocionais católicos no Brasil escravista, ocorrido entre meados do século XVIII e do século XIX. Nosso objetivo será descrever e interpretar o modo como os negros nascidos no Brasil (crioulos) ressignificaram o uso dos pequenos escapulários católicos marianos (bentinhos) a partir de um ponto de vista cosmológico tipicamente africano. Procuraremos demonstrar que, paralelamente à preocupação cristã com a salvação da alma, os negros que portavam o bentinho o veneravam enquanto amuleto eficaz para “fechar o corpo”.
Resumo: O templo da Ordem Terceira de São Francisco de Assis de São JoãoDel-Rei, construído a partir da década de 1770, é, ao lado do congênere de Ouro Preto, um dos mais festejados exemplares do chamado "Barroco Mineiro". Este artigo propõe uma análise formal da fachada do referido templo, sob o ponto de vista da história das formas estilísticas de Heinrich Wölfflin. Procuraremos demonstrar que, apesar do mestre-de-obras Francisco de Lima Cerqueira não ter executado as formas abauladas tal como projetadas pelo Aleijadinho, o templo franciscano adotou formas curvilíneas características do estilo barroco, assim como um frontão e uma portada ricamente ornamentados. Palavras-chave: Minas Gerais. Estilo Barroco. Análise Formal.
Abstract:The temple of the Third Order of St. Francis of Assisi of São João DelRei, built from the 1770s, as the congener of Ouro Preto, is one of the most celebrated examples of the "Minas Gerais Baroque". This paper proposes a formal analysis of the frontage of that temple, from the point of view of the history of stylistic forms of Heinrich Wolfflin. Try to demonstrate that, despite the master-builder Francisco de Lima Cerqueira has not implemented the curved forms as designed by "Aleijadinho", the Franciscan church adopted curvilinear forms characteristics of the Baroque style, and a pediment and a richly ornamented portal.
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