a b s t r a c tThis paper analyzes the effects of cooperative R&D arrangements in a model with stochastic R&D and output spillovers. Our main innovation is to allow for free entry in both the R&D race and product market. Moreover, in contrast with the literature, we assume that cooperative R&D arrangements do not have to include all the firms in the industry. We show that sharing of research outcomes is a necessary condition for the profitability of cooperative R&D arrangements with free entry. The profitability of RJV cartels depends on their size. Subsidies may be desirable in cases of larger RJVs since they are the ones which are less likely to be profitable.
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Antitrust authorities regard the possibility of post-merger entry and merger-generated efficiencies as two factors that may counteract the negative effects of horizontal mergers. This paper shows that in differentiated oligopolies with linear demand, all entry-inducing mergers harm consumer welfare. This is because if there is entry following a merger, it implies that the merger-generated efficiencies were not sufficiently large. Mergers which induce exit, due to sufficiently high cost savings, always improve consumer welfare.JEL codes: L13, L22, L41, K21
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