No abstract

No abstract

Strategies to manage transportation demand are colloquially labeled carrots or sticks: carrots (or enablers) to entice desired travel behaviors and sticks (or deterrents) that discourage undesirable ones. Assessing the merits of each approach requires answering two questions: which approach is most effective at influencing travel behavior; and what is the difference in terms of ease of implementation between carrots and sticks? The literature typically examines these questions in isolation, but success depends upon both intervention efficacy and the ability to implement. Using a multiple-methods approach, we find those interventions that incorporate both enablers and deterrents are most effective at encouraging active transportation while remaining feasible to implement.

No abstract

No abstract

Piatkowski, Daniel P.; Krizek, Kevin J.; and Handy, Susan L., "Accounting for the short term substitution effects of walking and cycling in sustainable transportation" (2015). Community and Regional Planning Program: Faculty Scholarly and Creative Activity. 20.

Abstract:Nearly everyone has jaywalked, rolled through a stop sign, or driven a few miles per hour over the speed limit, but most such offenses face no legal consequences. Society also tends to see these relatively minor infractions that almost all people make-though they are unmistakably illegal-as normal and even rational. Bicyclists who break the law, however, seem to attract a higher level of scorn and scrutiny. While the academic literature has exhaustively covered unlawful driving behaviors, there remains little research on bicyclists who break the rules of the road. This paper examines rule-breaking bicyclists and the factors associated with such behaviors. We also explore the question: are bicyclists making rational, albeit illegal, choices-similar to most drivers and pedestrians-or are bicyclists reckless and dangerous? Because it's proven effective for reaching hard-to-reach populations, we employed a snowball-sampling framework and an online, scenario-based survey completed by nearly 18,000 respondents. Via multi-level statistical analyses, our results suggest that younger people and males tend to exhibit higher levels of illegal bicycling behavior, but even when combining high-risk factors, the overwhelming majority of bicyclists are not reckless. Controlling for the context and social norms of the city where one lives tends to outweigh individual bicyclist characteristics such as race/ethnicity and income. Unlawful drivers and pedestrians tend to rationalize their behaviors as time saving; bicyclists similarly rationalize their illegal behaviors but were more inclined to cite increasing their own personal safety and/or saving energy. Most bicyclists can generally be described as rational individuals trying to function safely and efficiently given the context and norms of where they live and the transportation system put in front of them.

No abstract