Background-Poorly controlled cardiovascular risk factors are common. Evaluating whether physicians respond appropriately to poor risk factor control in patients may better reflect quality of care than measuring proportions of patients whose conditions are controlled.

Hyperinsulinemia is commonly associated with obesity, but it has not been determined which defect comes first. Some have proposed that hyperinsulinemia may precede obesity in populations prone to NIDDM, such as Pima Indians or Pacific Islanders. In contrast, longitudinal studies in adults show that insulin sensitivity and low fasting insulin concentrations are associated with increased weight gain, whereas insulin resistance seems to protect against weight gain. The present study examined whether fasting plasma hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for weight gain in prepubertal children in the Pima Indian population-a population that is prone to obesity. Fasting plasma insulin concentration was measured in 328 5- to 9-year-old Pima Indian children (147 boys and 181 girls) with normal glucose tolerance. Follow-up weight was obtained an average of 9.3 +/- 1.9 years (means +/- SD) later at age 15-19 years. Fasting plasma insulin concentration correlated with the rate of weight gain per year in both boys (r = 0.42; P < 0.0001) and girls (r = 0.20; P < 0.01) and was associated with the rate of weight gain, independent of known determinants of weight change, i.e., initial relative weight, change in height, age, and sex. Similar relationships were found between fasting plasma insulin concentration and the change in relative weight and in triceps skinfold thickness-two indicators of obesity. In conclusion, fasting hyperinsulinemia may be a risk factor for the development of obesity in young children.