Context. Accurate determination of the redshifts of galaxies comes from the identification of key lines in their spectra. Large sky surveys, and the sheer volume of data they produce, have made it necessary to tackle this identification problem in an automated and reliable fashion. Current methods attempt to do this with careful modelling of the spectral lines and the continua, or by employing a flux/magnitude or a signal-to-noise cut to the dataset in order to obtain reliable redshift estimates for the majority of galaxies in the sample. Aims. In this paper, we present the Darth Fader algorithm (denoised and automatic redshifts thresholded with a false detection rate), which is a new wavelet-based method for estimating redshifts of galaxy spectra. Automated, simple, and largely empirical, we highlight how the Darth Fader algorithm performs in the very low signal-to-noise regime, and demonstrate its effectiveness at removing catastrophic failures from the catalogue of redshift estimates. Methods. We present a new, nonparametric method for estimating and removing the continuum in noisy data that requires no a priori information about the galaxy properties. This method employs wavelet filtering based on a tuneable false detection rate (FDR) threshold, which effectively removes the noise in the spectrum, and extracts features at different scales. After removal of the continuum, the galaxy spectra are then cross-correlated with the eigentemplates, and a standard χ 2 -minimisation used to determine the redshift of the spectrum. FDR filtering is applied to the spectra a second time to determine the number of spectral features in each galaxy spectrum, and those with fewer than six total features are removed from the catalogue as we are unlikely to obtain a reliable and correct estimate of the redshift of such spectra. Results. Applying our wavelet-based cleaning algorithm on a simulated testing set, we can successfully build a clean catalogue including extremely low signal-to-noise data (S/N = 2.0), for which we are able to obtain a 5.1% catastrophic failure rate in the redshift estimates (compared with 34.5% prior to cleaning). We also show that for a catalogue with uniformly mixed signal-to-noise ratios between 1.0 and 20.0, with realistic pixel-dependent noise, it is possible to obtain redshifts with a catastrophic failure rate of 3.3% after cleaning (as compared to 22.7% before cleaning). Whilst we do not test this algorithm exhaustively on real data, we present a proof of concept of the applicability of this method to real data, showing that the wavelet filtering techniques perform well when applied to some typical spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey archive. Conclusions. The Darth Fader algorithm provides a robust method for extracting spectral features from very noisy spectra: spectra for which a reliable redshift cannot be measured are automatically identified and removed from the input data set. The resulting clean catalogue, although restricted in number, gives an extremely low rate of catastrop...
In a previous study oxidative damage markers - lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation - were determined in organs of wild Caiman yacare captured in winter-2001 and summer-2002 at various developmental stages. An increase in oxidative damage occurred in the hatchling-juvenile transition (but not in the juvenile-adult transition) and winter-summer transition (in juveniles), suggesting that oxidative stress is associated with development and season. Herein the effect of development and season on glutathione (GSH) metabolism and the effect of development on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were analyzed. The ratio GSSG:GSH-eq increased in lung, liver, kidney and brain by 1.8- to 4-fold in the embryo/hatchling to juvenile transition. No changes occurred in juvenile-adult transition. GSSG:GSH-eq across seasons was significantly elevated in summer. Total-glutathione content was mostly stable in various organs; in liver it increased in the embryo-juvenile transition. Enzyme activities were only determined in summer-animals (embryos, hatchlings and juveniles). For most antioxidant enzymes, activities increased from embryo/hatchling to juvenile in liver and Kidney. In lung, there was an inverse trend for enzyme activities and total glutathione content. Thus, increased metabolic rates during early caiman growth - in embryo-juvenile transition - appears to be related to redox imbalance as suggested by increased GSSG:GSH-eq and activation of antioxidant defenses. Differences in oxidative stress across seasons were related with summer-winter nocturnal temperatures. These results, as a whole, were interpreted in the context of ecological biochemistry.
A fim de aumentar a competitividade, as empresas têm colocado no mercado soluções integradas denominadas de sistema produto serviço (PSS) ao invés de somente novos produtos ou serviços. Tais sistemas podem estar sujeitos a riscos de qualidade, projeto, percepção do cliente, financeiros, entre outros. Para reduzir a probabilidade de ocorrência desses riscos e suas consequências no negócio da empresa, torna-se necessário adotar um modelo de gerenciamento de riscos, ferramentas e técnicas de identificação, análise, tratamento, monitoramento e controle de riscos. Dessa forma, é possível gerenciar os riscos em um PSS de forma proativa, compreender melhor o contexto e o mercado em que o PSS está inserido em termos de riscos. Nesse cenário, o objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar, primeiramente, uma revisão sobre os principais conceitos relacionados a PSS e gerenciamento de riscos. Após, tem-se o resultado de um estudo de caso realizado em uma empresa que desenvolve motos elétricas e fornece o serviço de manutenção. Por fim, são apresentadas a análise dos resultados do estudo de caso e conclusões.
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