Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) versus placebo for chronic low-back pain (Review)Khadilkar A, Odebiyi DO, Brosseau L, Wells GA Khadilkar A, Odebiyi DO, Brosseau L, Wells GA. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) versus placebo for chronic low-back pain.

Low back pain (LBP) is often an indication of pathological

There is strong evidence that insoles are not effective for the prevention of back pain. The current evidence on insoles as treatment for low back pain does not allow any conclusions.

Introduction. Cerebral palsy (CP) is caused by an injury to the developing brain, and abnormal gross motor function is a hallmark of CP. Properly structured exercises on land have been reported to be effective in improving functional performance in children with CP while only few have been documented on aquatic therapy. Objective. To investigate the effect of a 10-week aquatic exercise training program on gross motor function in children with spastic CP. Methods. Thirty participants aged 1 to 12 years were randomized into the experimental and control groups. Both groups received manual passive stretching and functional training exercises, depending on their level of motor impairment, either in water (temperature 28°C to 32°C) or on land. Each exercise training session lasted for about 1 hour 40 minutes, twice per week for 10 weeks in both groups. Measurement of gross motor function was done using Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) at baseline and after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 10 weeks of intervention. Both groups were compared for differences in change in gross motor function using Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was set at P < .05. Results. Only the experimental group showed significant improvement ( P < .05) in all dimensions of gross motor function except for walking, running, and jumping ( P = .112). Statistically significant difference ( P < .05) was found between both groups for all dimensions of gross motor function after 10 weeks of intervention. Conclusion. Aquatic exercise training program is effective in the functional rehabilitation of children with spastic CP.

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